Recent developments of Madhuca indica (Mahua) oil-based polymers: A mini review

Abstract

Nowadays, the use of non-edible vegetable oils as the raw material for polymer development is growing in interest because of the scarcity and high demand for crude oil and also because of its eco-friendly approach. The utilization of non-edible oil to synthesize the applicable polymers reduces the usage of petrochemicals. To eliminate the reliance on petrochemicals, it is important to search for and extract alternate and domestic non-edible oils suitable for the synthesis of polymeric materials. This is now a promising research approach. The outstanding feature of indigenous, non-edible Madhuca indica oil (MO) is its chemical structure, with unsaturated sites and esters that are considerable ingredient polyols for the development of polymers. This review discusses the origin, structure and extraction of MO and systematically focuses on the recently developed polymers using oil as a renewable source of polyols. We have briefly reviewed MO-based polymeric materials such as alkyd resins like pentaalkyds for scratch resistance, glycerol alkyds for fly-ash coating, pentalkyd LC resins for display coating applications and epoxies of MO for biological coating materials. Also, the important polyurethanes in the pathways of MO-based fatty amide are transformed into the polyetherimide polyols through a step-growth reaction with bisphenol-A or bisphenol derivatives, which again react with isocyanates to produce MO-based PU for excellent adhesion and coating applications. Another type of waterborne polyurethane is made from polyesteramides. These PU coatings are used in the paint and pigment industries. We reviewed their synthesis and widespread use in coatings and composites.

Synthesis, physicochemical and thermal properties of urethane‐modified polyesteramide films using mahua and castor oil as sustainable resources

“…In Table 2, the physico‐chemical properties of MO, MFA, and PEA are listed, such as their acid value, hydroxyl value, iodine value, saponification value, and specific gravity. As per the determined values of the MO, MFA, and PEA, it can be concluded that the physico‐chemical properties matched the standard values reported in the literature 21,30 . The iodine value of MO decreased in the synthesized PEA, which showed fewer double bonds.…”

“…As per the determined values of the MO, MFA, and PEA, it can be concluded that the physico-chemical properties matched the standard values reported in the literature. 21,30 The iodine value of MO decreased in the synthesized PEA, which showed fewer double bonds. The hydroxyl value of the PEA was 129 mg KOH/g, which was prompt to polymerize with isocyanate.…”

“…The seeds of the Mahua plant contain approximately 30%–40% non‐edible oil, which is used as a polyol resource 29 . MO is categorized as a drying oil that can be used for the synthesis of polymeric materials such as alkyd resins and epoxies for coating applications 30 . Also, the important PU polymers in the pathways of MO‐based fatty amide are converted into polyetheramide polyols through a condensation with bisphenol‐A or its derivatives, which further treat with toluenediisocynate and methylenediphenyldiisocynate to form MO‐based PU for excellent coating applications was reported by Pawar et al 31 The prepared PU coatings was safely used up to 220°‐230°C as anticorrosive protection.…”

Novel cardanol based bio-polyols for sustainable construction applications

“…In order to decrease dependency on petrochemicals, it is necessary to find an alternate naturally occurring non-edible oil based materials for the synthesis of polymers. 4 In addition to effectively addressing the issue of pollution and reducing synthetic dependability of polymers on petroleum resources, the use of biodegradable polymers and their composites can also help to reduce the release of greenhouse gases and advance the high-value utilization of biomass resources, which is consistent with the objective of sustainable development and the foundational principle of the circular economy. Finding and extracting natural, non-edible oils that may be used to make polymeric materials becomes essential to reduce the dependency on petrochemicals.…”

Fiber-reinforced polymer composite: Higher performance with renewable and eco-friendly plant-based fibers

“…The fibers from the part of plants are classified into bast fibers such as jute, flax, ramie, hemp, kenaf, seed, cotton, coir, kapok, and leaves such as sisal, pineapple, and abaca, grass, and reed fibers such as rice, corn, and wheat, and core fibers examples: hemp, kenaf, and jute, and other kinds of fibers such as wood and roots. 12,13 Plant fibers contain a high amount of cellulose to form framer fiber. All parts of the plants are single-cell fibers, except the seed is the ultimate fiber.…”