Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory

Sala, Joseph B.; Rama, Paolo; Courtney, Susan

doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00166-5

Cited by 177 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Our results extend previous studies of WM demonstrating contributions of prefrontal structures, including the OFC, to the active maintenance of faces (Courtney et al, 1996;Haxby et al, 2000;Sala et al, 2003), and differ from several studies demonstrating active maintenance in TOC during face working memory tasks Postle et al, 2003;Xu and Chun, 2006;Yoon et al, 2006). However, it should be noted that fMRI studies examining WM maintenance in TOC do not consistently find delay related activity, and our results may help explain these inconsistencies.…”

Section: Active Maintenance Of Social Cuessupporting

confidence: 71%

Working Memory for Social Cues Recruits Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Delayed Matching to Sample for Emotional Expressions

LoPresti¹,

Schön²,

Tricarico³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

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During everyday interactions, we continuously monitor and maintain information about different individuals and their changing emotions in memory. Yet to date, working memory (WM) studies have primarily focused on mechanisms for maintaining face identity, but not emotional expression, and studies investigating the neural basis of emotion have focused on transient activity, not delay related activity. The goal of this functional magnetic resonance imaging study was to investigate WM for two critical social cues: identity and emotion. Subjects performed a delayed match-to-sample task that required them to match either the emotional expression or the identity of a face after a 10 s delay. Neuroanatomically, our predictions focused on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the amygdala, as these regions have previously been implicated in emotional processing and long-term memory, and studies have demonstrated sustained OFC and medial temporal lobe activity during visual WM. Consistent with previous studies, transient activity during the sample period representing emotion and identity was found in the superior temporal sulcus and inferior occipital cortex, respectively. Sustained delay-period activity was evident in OFC, amygdala, and hippocampus, for both emotion and identity trials. These results suggest that, although initial processing of emotion and identity is accomplished in anatomically segregated temporal and occipital regions, sustained delay related memory for these two critical features is held by the OFC, amygdala and hippocampus. These regions share rich connections, and have been shown previously to be necessary for binding features together in long-term memory. Our results suggest a role for these regions in active maintenance as well.

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Section: Active Maintenance Of Social Cuessupporting

confidence: 71%

Working Memory for Social Cues Recruits Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Delayed Matching to Sample for Emotional Expressions

LoPresti¹,

Schön²,

Tricarico³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

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“…Like the T1-weighted anatomical images, the activation maps were also spatially normalized into Talairach space using the Convex Hull algorithm. The averaged activation maps of each group, with a t-value threshold of 3.3 and a cluster threshold of 360 mm 3 (Po0.05, corrected), calculated based on the program 'AlphaSim', 21,22 were then overlaid on the corresponding T1 images. For each condition, Talairach coordinates of the center-of-mass and volume (mm 3 ) of the activation clusters were determined, based on the averaged activation maps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subjects were eight male and eight female righthanded postgraduate students (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) 39)) (P40.05), with no history of neurological or psychiatric illness, and normal visual field and attention. Subjects were excluded if they ever had any head injury, neurological illness, or psychiatric illness.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural activities associated with emotion recognition observed in men and women

et al. 2004

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Previous studies have suggested that men and women process emotional stimuli differently. In this study, we examined if there would be any consistency in regions of activation in men and women when processing stimuli portraying happy or sad emotions presented in the form of facial expressions, scenes, and words. A blocked design BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm was employed to monitor the neural activities of male and female healthy volunteers while they were presented with the experimental stimuli. The imaging data revealed that the right insula and left thalamus were consistently activated for men, but not women, during emotion recognition of all forms of stimuli studied. To further understand the imaging data acquired, we conducted the protocol analysis method to identify the cognitive processes engaged while the men and women were viewing the emotional stimuli and deciding whether they were happy or sad. The findings suggest that men rely on the recall of past emotional experiences to evaluate current emotional experiences. This may explain why the insula, a structure important for self-induced or internally generated recalled emotions, was consistently activated in men while processing emotional stimuli. Our findings suggest possible gender-related neural responses to emotional stimuli. Keywords: emotion; gender; functional magnetic resonance imaging; neuroscience; neuropsychology; emotion recognition It is a common belief that women are more emotional than men. Do men and women, then, process emotional stimuli differently? Sex differences in brain anatomy 1,2 and cognition 3,4 have been increasingly documented. For example, Gur et al 5 observed that women have larger orbital frontal cortices than men and speculated that women have greater tissue volume available for modulating amygdala input leading to gender differences in emotional behavior, particularly aggression. However, studies addressing sex differences in neural activity associated with processing emotional stimuli remain scarce.Kesler/West et al 6 used fMRI to investigate explicit processing of facial emotions including happiness and sadness. They observed that men showed greater left hemispheric activation when observing sad faces than when observing happy faces. No such differences between the emotions in either hemisphere existed among women. Lane et al 7 used PET to study the neural correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotions, and observed both common and unique components of the neural networks mediating the emotions in healthy women. Canli et al 8 studied sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories and observed that women had significantly more brain regions than men in which greater activation correlated with both emotional-intensity ratings and better recognition memory for the most emotionally intense picture selected from the International Affective Picture Series (IAPS) 9 and by successful encoding of that experience into long-term memory. In a prior study, Lee et al 10 examined the effect of sex on ...

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“…Given this central role, cognitive researchers have devoted considerable efforts developing and refining theoretical models of WM (for reviews see Baddeley and Hitch, 1974;Cowan, 1993;Baddeley, 2000;Miyake et al, 2001;Oberauer, 2002;Curtis and D'Esposito, 2003;Cowan et al, 2005;Chein and Fiez, 2010). More recent work has focused on extending cognitive models to identify the neural correlates of WM, including the contributions of the inferior and superior parietal lobes comprising posterior parietal cortex (PPC; for reviews see Jonides et al, 1993;Cohen et al, 1997;Courtney et al, 1997;Ungerleider et al, 1998;Chein and Fiez, 2001;Munk et al, 2002;Pessoa et al, 2002;Linden et al, 2003;Sala et al, 2003;Olson and Berryhill, 2009;Brady et al, 2011). WM studies commonly identify PPC activations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), yet only recently have these activations been functionally associated with WM rather than attention (Wager and Smith, 2003;Marois, 2004, 2005;Song and Jiang, 2006;Xu and Chun, 2006;Xu, 2007Xu, , 2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parietal Contributions to Visual Working Memory Depend on Task Difficulty

Jones¹,

Crane²,

Feenstra³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The nature of parietal contributions to working memory (WM) remain poorly understood but of considerable interest. We previously reported that posterior parietal damage selectively impaired WM probed by recognition (Berryhill and Olson, 2008a). Recent studies provided support using a neuromodulatory technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the right parietal cortex (P4). These studies confirmed parietal involvement in WM because parietal tDCS altered WM performance: anodal current tDCS improved performance in a change detection task, and cathodal current tDCS impaired performance on a sequential presentation task. Here, we tested whether these complementary results were due to different degrees of parietal involvement as a function of WM task demands, WM task difficulty, and/or participants' WM capacity. In Experiment 1, we applied cathodal and anodal tDCS to the right parietal cortex and tested participants on both previously used WM tasks. We observed an interaction between tDCS (anodal, cathodal), WM task difficulty, and participants' WM capacity. When the WM task was difficult, parietal stimulation (anodal or cathodal) improved WM performance selectively in participants with high WM capacity. In the low WM capacity group, parietal stimulation (anodal or cathodal) impaired WM performance. These nearly equal and opposite effects were only observed when the WM task was challenging, as in the change detection task. Experiment 2 probed the interplay of WM task difficulty and WM capacity in a parametric manner by varying set size in the WM change detection task. Here, the effect of parietal stimulation (anodal or cathodal) on the high WM capacity group followed a linear function as WM task difficulty increased with set size. The low WM capacity participants were largely unaffected by tDCS. These findings provide evidence that parietal involvement in WM performance depends on both WM capacity and WM task demands. We discuss these findings in terms of alternative WM strategies employed by low and high WM capacity individuals. We speculate that low WM capacity individuals do not recruit the posterior parietal lobe for WM tasks as efficiently as high WM capacity individuals. Consequently, tDCS provides greater benefit to individuals with high WM capacity.

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Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory

Cited by 177 publications

References 71 publications

Working Memory for Social Cues Recruits Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Delayed Matching to Sample for Emotional Expressions

Working Memory for Social Cues Recruits Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Delayed Matching to Sample for Emotional Expressions

Neural activities associated with emotion recognition observed in men and women

Parietal Contributions to Visual Working Memory Depend on Task Difficulty

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