Functional response ofTelenomus reynoldsi [Hym.: Scelionidae] at five constant temperatures and in an artificial plant arena

Abstract

The functional response of Telenomus reynoldsi Gordh & Coker was determined at 5 constant temperatures using a dish arena. Functional response curves at all temperatures were of Holling's Type II. Handling rate increased linearly with increasing temperature, whereas the relationship of search rate to temperature was best described by a quadratic model. Search rate was highest at 32 ~ Using Rogers' random parasite equation, analysis of the functional response in a more complex arena containing an artificial plant provided estimates of search and handling rates that may be more appropriate in the field environment. Search rate was 6,680 cm2/day. Handling rate was 13 hosts/day.

Functional response of Telenomus remus Nixon(Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) eggs: effect of female age

“…The searching rate was calculated as described by Cave & Gaylor (1989) and Morales et al (2001), in which the number of parasitized eggs is divided by the total number of eggs exposed to the parasitoid.…”

“…Despite that, very few studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of T. remus under local conditions. However, as Cave & Gaylor (1989) highlighted, it is very important to study Telenomus species because they are parasitoids with great biological control potential.…”

“…The type II curve is more often related to systems involving arthropods, including predator and parasitoid insects (Cave & Gaylor 1989;Garcia 1991), although type III curve is often observed for egg parasitoids (Wang & Ferro 1998;ReayJones et al 2006). The main characteristic of the type II functional response is a gradual increase of consumed preys, due to their greater availability, up to a density in which there is stabilization in the consumption rate (Hassel 1978;Hassel et al 1997).…”

Using functional response modeling to investigate the effect of temperature on predator feeding rate and energetic efficiency

“…This exponential relationship has been well established for handling time (Mack and Smilowitz 1982;Cave and Gaylor 1989;Flinn 1991;Menon et al 2002;Xia et al 2003), but remains unclear for search rate. The relationship between temperature and search rate has been described as being linear, quadratic, or hump-shaped (Mack and Smilowitz 1982;Cave and Gaylor 1989;Flinn 1991;Xia et al 2003). Because an active behavior like searching decreases at extreme temperatures, investigating the effect over a large temperature range is necessary to draw a complete picture.…”

Temperature dependent functional response of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

“…Different factors may influence their functional responses, including host plant surface traits (Coll & Ridgway, 1995;Messina & Hanks, 1998;Madadi et al, 2007), host species (Mansfield & Mills, 2004), natural enemy life stages (Seko & Miura, 2008), host age (King, 1994;Ode & Strand, 1995) and spatial complexity (Madadi et al, 2011). However, the functional response of poikilothermic organisms like parasitoids, are greatly affected by temperature (Cave & Gaylor, 1989;Flinn, 1991;Enkegaard, 1994;Bazzocchi & Burgio, 2001;Jones et al, 2003;Kalyebi et al, 2005;Shojaei et al, 2006;Moezipour et al, 2008;Tazerouni et al, 2012).…”