Functional Morphology of Retinal Neurons with Monoamine or Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Ehinger, Berndt

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1140-9_45

Cited by 5 publications

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“…Gamma-amino-butyric ;acid (GABA) is a likely neurotransmitter in the retina (Ehinger 1982), but details about its physiologicaI functions are not well known. Analysing the contacts of the GABA neurons is one way of revealing their function, and we have therefore tried to characterize some receptors on GABA accumulating neurons and factors affecting the GABA release.…”

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“…Glutamate and aspartate are likely excitatory transmitters in the central nervous system (Watkins & Evans 1981), and are also good candidates as transmitters in at least some parts of the retina (Miller et al 1982). GABA and glycine are likely to be neurotransmitters in certain amacrine cells (Ehinger 1982). The fir:st goal of this study was therefore to examine to what extent the putative neurotransmitters, glutamate, aspartate, GABA and glycine, could influence the release of (3H)-GABA from rabbit retina by acting on a receptor, presynaptic to the GABA accumulating neurons.…”

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The release of (³H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

Agardh

Bauer

1984

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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The neuronal and glial release of (3H)-GABA from rabbit retina has been studied. The results indicate, that neither are there any glutamate, aspartate or glycine receptors on the GABA accumulating neurons, nor any GABA autoreceptors. (3H)-GABA was found to be released by 40 mM K+ from retinal neurons, but not from glia, and the release was not dependent on extracellular Ca++. This indicates a release from a non vesicular transmitter pool. Ouabain has been proposed as a pharmacological tool for studying the release of (3H)-GABA located in neuronal cytoplasm. However, it induced an increased release of (3H)-GABA from both neurons and glia and it is therefore unlikely that it can be used for the specific purpose of studying release from neuronal cytoplasm.

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The release of (³H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

Agardh

Bauer

1984

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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Colocalization of GAD‐like immunoreactivity and ³H‐GABA uptake in amacrine cells of rabbit retina

Mosinger

Yazulla

1985

J of Comparative Neurology

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Rabbit retinas were double labeled to determine the degree of colocalization of glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity (GAD-like IR) and 3H-GABA uptake using light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) autoradiography. Both GAD-like IR and 3H-GABA uptake were found in amacrine cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer (INL) as well as in cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and throughout the inner plexiform layer. GAD-like IR was found in 32% of the amacrine cells in the INL, 86% of which also showed 3H-GABA uptake; 3H-GABA uptake was observed in 38% of the amacrine cells. However, only 72% of these cells showed GAD-like IR. Labeled cells in the GCL were only 10-15% as common as similarly labeled cells in the INL. As in the INL, all GAD-positive cells in the GCL were double labeled, but only 53% of the cells taking up 3H-GABA were double labeled. We suggest that labeled cells in the GCL were ganglion cells rather than displaced amacrine cells. Cells, in both the INL and GCL, that showed 3H-GABA uptake but no GAD-like IR had a higher average grain density than double-labeled cells, indicating that uptake by these cells was specific. The relevance to GABAergic function of 3H-GABA uptake without an indication of GAD-like IR is yet to be determined. Statistical analysis at the EM level showed that one-third of the GAD-positive synaptic terminals of amacrine cells were double labeled after a 4-month exposure. Longer exposures at the EM level should reveal a higher percentage of GAD-positive terminals because at the LM level, one-half of the double-labeled cell bodies were "lightly" labeled with grains. The high degree of colocalization of GAD-like IR and 3H-GABA uptake suggests that both markers may be useful for labeling GABAergic neurons in the rabbit retina.

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Glutamate, GABA, and glycine in the human retina: An immunocytochemical investigation

Davanger

Ottersen

Storm‐Mathisen

1991

J of Comparative Neurology

140

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The distribution of the neuroactive amino acids glutamate, GABA, and glycine in the human retina was examined in consecutive semithin sections treated with antisera specific for fixed glutamate, GABA, and glycine, respectively. Glutamate immunoreactivity was conspicuous in all photoreceptor cells (rods more strongly labelled than cones), and in a majority (85-89%) of the cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL). Rod spherules and cone pedicles showed a greater enrichment of glutamate immunoreactivity than the parent cell bodies and inner segments. Also, structures of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) were labelled. A large majority (83-91%) of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) was strongly stained, as were most axons in the nerve fibre layer. Müller cell processes appeared unstained. GABA immunoreactivity was present in presumed amacrine but not in bipolar-like cells. The stained cells were restricted to the inner 1/3 of the INL and were more frequent in central than in peripheral retina (40% and 26% of all cells in the inner 1/2 of INL, respectively). GABA positive cell processes, probably originating from interplexiform cells, appeared to traverse the INL and end in the outer plexiform layer. Dense immunolabeling was found in the IPL. GABA immunoreactive cells (some also stained for glutamate) comprised 23% of all GCL cells in the peripheral retina, but only 5% in the central retina. Most of them were localized adjacent to the IPL. A few GABA positive (possibly ganglion) cells extended a single fibre toward the nerve fibre layer. Solitary GABA positive fibres were seen in this layer and in the optic nerve. Glycine immunoreactivity was observed in cells with the location typical of amacrine and bipolar (peripheral retina) cells, as well as in punctate structures of the IPL. In contrast to the GABA positive cells, the glycine positive cells were more frequent in the peripheral than in the central retina (42% and 23% of all cells in inner 1/3 of INL, respectively). A few cells in the GCL (0.5-1.5%) were glycine positive. Glutamate colocalized with GABA or glycine in a majority of the cells stained for either of these inhibitory transmitters (90-95% of the GABA positive cells, and 80-86% of the glycine positive cells, in the INL). Some bipolar cells were stained for both glutamate and glycine. Colocalization of GABA and glycine occurred in a subpopulation (3-4%) of presumed amacrine cells, about half of which was also glutamate positive.

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Functional Morphology of Retinal Neurons with Monoamine or Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Cited by 5 publications

References 124 publications

The release of (³H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

The release of (³H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

Colocalization of GAD‐like immunoreactivity and ³H‐GABA uptake in amacrine cells of rabbit retina

Glutamate, GABA, and glycine in the human retina: An immunocytochemical investigation

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Functional Morphology of Retinal Neurons with Monoamine or Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Cited by 5 publications

References 124 publications

The release of (3H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

The release of (3H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

Colocalization of GAD‐like immunoreactivity and 3H‐GABA uptake in amacrine cells of rabbit retina

Glutamate, GABA, and glycine in the human retina: An immunocytochemical investigation

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Product

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The release of (³H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

The release of (³H)‐GABA from the rabbit retina

Colocalization of GAD‐like immunoreactivity and ³H‐GABA uptake in amacrine cells of rabbit retina