Functional Metal/Carbon Composites Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks: Insight into Structures, Properties, Performances, and Mechanisms

Abstract

Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) have extensively emerged as promising templates/precursors to prepare functional derivatives for various purposes because of their ultrahigh porosity, large specific surface area, and excellent user-configuration flexibility. Among these derivatives, MOFs-derived metal/carbon composites surmount the shortcomings of the individual components and produce synergistic effects, showing great potential in environmental remediation and energy storage and conversion. Herein, this work systematically discusses the synthetic strategies of MOFs-derived metal/carbon composites from the perspective of different MOF precursors, including pristine MOFs, heteroatom-doped MOFs, and MOFs composited with substrates. The unique advantages of MOFs-derived metal/carbon composites with exceptional stability, conductivity, and catalytic activity are then particularly summarized. On the basis of these advantages, their recent progress in the environment and energy fields is elaborated, with special emphasis on the elucidation of their mechanisms. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for future research are presented, which is expected to provide references for the design of multipurpose MOFs-derived metal/carbon composites.

A Perspective on Removal of Cyanotoxins from Water Through Advanced Oxidation Processes

“…[44] AOPs with sulfate radicals (SR-AOPs) and AOPs with hydroxyl radicals ( • OH-AOPs), both are used to oxidize pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. [50][51][52][53] However, the mechanisms and chemistry of SR-AOPs differ significantly from those of • OH-AOPs. Neta et al [54] reported that sulfate radicals are more efficient oxidants for the removal of organic compounds with unsaturated bonds and aromatic components than hydroxyl radicals due to their selectivity.…”

Degradation of organic contaminants by peroxymonosulfate activated with zeolitic imidazolate framework-based catalysts: performances, mechanisms and stability

“…Various technologies have been developed to solve the problems of water pollution, including adsorption, 5 photocatalytic degradation, [6][7][8][9][10] biological treatment, 11 enzymatic degradation 12,13 and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). [14][15][16][17][18][19] Among them, AOPs are effective means to oxidize macromolecular organic contaminants into harmless or lowtoxicity mineralized products by generating highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as sulfate (SO 4 ˙−) and hydroxyl (˙OH) radicals. Theoretically, SO 4 ˙− can effectively and rapidly degrade most organic contaminants in water, such as organic dyes, antibiotics, pesticides, and endocrine disruptors.…”

Energy-Efficient MIL-53(Fe)/Sn3O4 Nanosheet Photocatalysts for Visible-Light Degradation of Toxic Organics in Wastewater

“…To solve these shortcomings of MOFs mentioned above, many attempts have been made to modify pristine MIL-53­(Fe) and enhance the photocatalytic ability. − Among these modification methods, introducing certain semiconductors to establish MIL-53­(Fe)-based heterojunctions has been verified to be a promising method to boost the photocatalytic capacity of pure MOF. For example, the Liu research group constructed 1T-MoS 2 @MIL-53­(Fe) heterostructures that presented splendid photocatalytic degradation ability for eliminating ibuprofen.…”