Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Inner Speech in Schizophrenia

Simons, Claudia; Tracy, Derek K.; Sanghera, Kirandeep K.; O’Daly, Owen; Gilleen, James; Dominguez, Maria-de-Gracia; Krabbendam, Lydia; Shergill, Sukhwinder S.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.007

Cited by 81 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Additionally, (iii) one should consider to place the NIRS optode over the left inferior frontal gyrus since it was shown that this region is associated with inner speech [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Inner Speech on Arterial CO2 and Cerebral Hemodynamics and Oxygenation: A Functional NIRS Study

Scholkmann

Wolf²,

Wolf

2013

Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXV

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the effect of inner speech on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation, and (ii) to analyze if these changes could be the result of alternations of the arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2). To this end, in seven adult volunteers, we measured changes of cerebral absolute [O2Hb], [HHb], [tHb] concentrations and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) (over the left and right anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC)), as well as changes in end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), a reliable and accurate estimate of PaCO2. Each subject performed three different tasks (inner recitation of hexameter (IRH) or prose (IRP) verses) and a control task (mental arithmetic (MA)) on different days according to a randomized crossover design. Statistical analysis was applied to the differences between pre-baseline, two tasks, and four post-baseline periods. The two brain hemispheres and three tasks were tested separately. During the tasks, we found (i) PETCO2 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the IRH ( 3 mmHg) and MA ( 0.5 mmHg) task. (ii) [O2Hb] and StO2 decreased significantly during IRH ( 1.5 M; 2 %), IRP ( 1 M; 1.5 %), and MA ( 1 M; 1.5 %) tasks. During the post-baseline period, [O2Hb] and [tHb] of the left PFC decreased significantly after the IRP and MA task ( 1 M and 2 M, respectively). In conclusion, the study showed that inner speech affects PaCO2, probably due to changes in respiration. Although a decrease in PaCO2 is causing cerebral vasoconstriction and could potentially explain the decreases of [O2Hb] and StO2 during inner speech, the changes in PaCO2 were significantly different between the three tasks (no change in PaCO2 for MA) but led to very similar changes in [O2Hb] and StO2. Thus, the cerebral changes cannot solely be explained by PaCO2. Abstract: The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the effect of inner speech on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation, and (ii) to analyze if these changes could be the result of alternations of the arterial carbon dioxide pressure (Pa-CO2). To this end, in seven adult volunteers, we measured changes of cerebral absolute [O2Hb], [HHb], [tHb] concentrations and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) (over the left and right anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC)), as well as changes in end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), a reliable and accurate estimate of PaCO2. Each subject performed three different tasks (inner recitation of hexameter (IRH) or prose (IRP) verses) and a control task (mental arithmetic (MA)) on different days according to a randomized crossover design. Statistical analysis was applied to the differences between pre-baseline, two tasks, and four postbaseline periods. The two brain hemispheres and three tasks were tested separately. During the tasks, we found (i) PETCO2 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the IRH (~3 mmHg) and MA (~0.5 mmHg) task. (ii) [O2Hb] and StO2 decreased significantly during IRH (~1.5 μM; ~2 %), IRP (~1 μM; ~1.5 %), and MA (~1 μM; ~1.5 %) tasks. During the post-baseline period, [O2Hb] and [tHb] of t...

show abstract

“…Additionally, (iii) one should consider to place the NIRS optode over the left inferior frontal gyrus since it was shown that this region is associated with inner speech [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Inner Speech on Arterial CO2 and Cerebral Hemodynamics and Oxygenation: A Functional NIRS Study

Scholkmann

Wolf²,

Wolf

2013

Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXV

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, in the visual domain, imagery activates similar regions of visual cortex as retinal input does (Reddy, Tsuchiya, & Serre, 2010), and this has also been shown at the single-neuron level (Kreiman, Koch, & Fried, 2000). Furthermore, similar areas of auditory cortex are activated whether speech is internally or externally generated (Simons et al, 2010), and areas of the pain network associated with the affective qualities of externally generated pain are activated when a person feels internally generated empathy (Singer et al, 2004).…”

Section: A Few Final Thoughtsmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Neural Basis of the Dynamic Unconscious

Berlin

2011

Neuropsychoanalysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A great deal of complex cognitive processing occurs at the unconscious level and affects how humans behave, think, and feel. Scientists are only now beginning to understand how this occurs on the neural level. Understanding the neural basis of consciousness requires an account of the neural mechanisms that underlie both conscious and unconscious thought, and their dynamic interaction. For example, how do conscious impulses, thoughts, or desires become unconscious (e.g., repression) or, conversely, how do unconscious impulses, desires, or motives become conscious (e.g., Freudian slips)? Research taking advantage of advances in technologies, like functional magnetic resonance imaging, has led to a revival and re-conceptualization of some of the key concepts of psychoanalytic theory, but steps toward understanding their neural basis have only just commenced. According to psychoanalytic theory, unconscious dynamic processes defensively remove anxiety-provoking thoughts and impulses from consciousness in response to one's conflicting attitudes. The processes that keep unwanted thoughts from entering consciousness include repression, suppression, and dissociation. In this literature review, studies from psychology and cognitive neuroscience in both healthy and patient populations that are beginning to elucidate the neural basis of these phenomena are discussed and organized within a conceptual framework. Further studies in this emerging field at the intersection of psychoanalytic theory and neuroscience are needed.Keywords: unconscious; psychodynamic; repression; suppression; dissociation; neural "Nothing is so difficult as not deceiving oneself."Ludwig Wittgenstein Cognitive unconscious processingThe intricate relationship between conscious and unconscious processes is one of the many mysteries that continue to perplex our understanding of ourselves.

show abstract

“…Although primarily known for their role in auditory processing 61 and vision, the temporal lobes also play an important role in memory and the interpretation of social cues through visual processing and spatial recognition to help determine socially relevant information. 62,63 The temporal lobes are also known to be a target of output from the basal ganglia, 64 which may show how OXT administration influences neural processes in this area through learning and reward processing of social stimuli.…”

Section: Temporal Lobesmentioning

confidence: 99%