Functional characterization of the <i>CKRC1/TAA1</i> gene and dissection of hormonal actions in the Arabidopsis root

Zhou, Zhaoyang; Zhang, Chunguang; Wu, Lei; Cai-guo, Zhang; Chai, Jiake; Wang, Ming; Jha, Ajay Kumar; Jia, Puyou; Cui, Sujuan; Yang, Ming; Chen, Rujin; Guo, Guang-Qin

doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04509.x

Cited by 64 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Using advanced molecular genetic analysis, the crosstalk and cooperation between their biosynthesis and signaling pathways have been extensively observed, thus substantially improving our understanding of hormonemediated root growth (Mouchel et al 2006;Zhou et al 2011). Plant hormones are clearly essential for root growth and development (Jung and McCouch 2013;Liu et al 2014), and such regulation may be achieved in a developmental stage-dependent manner (Sharp et al 2004;JoshiSaha et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sequencing, assembly, annotation, and gene expression: novel insights into the hormonal control of carrot root development revealed by a high-throughput transcriptome

Wang

Jia

et al. 2015

Mol Genet Genomics

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Previous studies have indicated that hormonal control is essential for plant root growth. The root of the carrot is an edible vegetable with a high nutritional value. However, molecular mechanisms underlying hormone-mediated root growth of carrot have not been illustrated. Therefore, the present study collected carrot root samples from four developmental stages, and performed transcriptome sequencing to understand the molecular functions of plant hormones in carrot root growth. A total of 160,227 transcripts were generated from our transcriptome, which were assembled into 32,716 unigenes with an average length of 1,453 bp. A total of 4,818 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed between the four developmental stages. In total, 87 hormone-related differentially expressed genes were identified, and the roles of the hormones are extensively discussed. Our results suggest that plant hormones may regulate carrot root growth in a phase-dependent manner, and these findings will provide valuable resources for future research on carrot root development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sequencing, assembly, annotation, and gene expression: novel insights into the hormonal control of carrot root development revealed by a high-throughput transcriptome

Wang

Jia

et al. 2015

Mol Genet Genomics

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“…The influence of other plant hormones such as cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA) on auxin biosynthesis, and the roles of these interactions for normal plant growth and development as well as for different stress responses, have recently been demonstrated Zhou et al, 2011;. Very recently, the aminotransferase VAS1 (vas1 was identified as a sav3/taa1 suppressor) was identified as a key enzyme in the regulation of auxin and ethylene biosynthesis, converting IPyA and L-methionine to L-Trp and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid, respectively (Zheng et al, 2013).…”

Section: Auxin Metabolism In the Rootmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this pathway, the tryptophan aminotransferase TAA1 and its close homologues TAR1 and TAR2 convert L-Trp to IPyA (Stepanova et al, 2008;Tao et al, 2008;Yamada et al, 2009;Zhou et al, 2011), and the YUCCA (YUC) enzymes subsequently synthesize IAA from IPyA (Mashiguchi et al, 2011;Stepanova et al, 2011;Won et al, 2011). Although originally suggested to be operating in separate pathways, the TAA1/TAR and YUCCA gene families are now believed to work in the same IAA biosynthetic pathway, and genetic and biochemical evidence strongly suggest that this is one of the major pathways for IAA biosynthesis in diverse plants (Zhao, 2012).…”

Section: Pathways For Auxin Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in the expression of the YUCCA genes also have an impact on auxin biosynthesis and root development (Stepanova et al, 2011;Won et al, 2011;Mashiguchi et al, 2011). Using a chemical genetic approach, He et al (He et al, 2011) identified a compound [Lkynurenine (L-Kyn)] that inhibits TAA1/TAR activity, and treatment with L-Kyn caused effects that phenocopied those observed in plants harbouring loss-of-function mutations in YUCCA genes.The influence of other plant hormones such as cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA) on auxin biosynthesis, and the roles of these interactions for normal plant growth and development as well as for different stress responses, have recently been demonstrated Zhou et al, 2011;. Very recently, the aminotransferase VAS1 (vas1 was identified as a sav3/taa1 suppressor) was identified as a key enzyme in the regulation of auxin and ethylene biosynthesis, converting IPyA and L-methionine to L-Trp and 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid, respectively (Zheng et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development

2013

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SummaryAuxin plays important roles during the entire life span of a plant. This small organic acid influences cell division, cell elongation and cell differentiation, and has great impact on the final shape and function of cells and tissues in all higher plants. Auxin metabolism is not well understood but recent discoveries, reviewed here, have started to shed light on the processes that regulate the synthesis and degradation of this important plant hormone. Key words: Auxin metabolism, Biosynthesis, Conjugation and degradation, Plant hormone, Arabidopsis thaliana, Root and shoot development IntroductionThe plant hormone auxin or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (Fig. 1) was discovered ~70 years ago, although the concept of plant hormones and speculation over their roles in plant development were conceived much earlier (reviewed by Abel and Theologis, 2010). Auxin research took off in the 1980s following the discovery of a battery of genes involved in auxin responses, and more recently with the discovery of the TIR1 auxin receptor family (reviewed by Calderón-Villalobos et al., 2010) and various auxin transporters (reviewed by Zažímalová et al., 2010). These discoveries boosted a wave of research into auxin signalling and the roles of these newly discovered genes during plant development, mostly using the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana as an experimental system.Although our understanding of auxin signalling has flourished during the last few decades, progress in understanding auxin metabolism (which includes auxin biosynthesis, conjugation and degradation) has been hampered by the lack of suitable tools for the quantification and visualisation of auxin metabolites on a tissue and cellular level. Until recently, key components in these metabolic pathways were missing and the regulation of auxin metabolism was poorly understood, but genetic and biochemical evidence in combination with sensitive methods for auxin metabolite identification and quantification have greatly improved our knowledge in this respect.This Primer describes the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of auxin metabolism, with the aim of putting these discoveries into the context of plant growth and development. I will focus on auxin metabolism in A. thaliana, as these metabolic processes are much better understood in Arabidopsis than in other plant species. Still, it is important to remember that there are differences between plant species, and also that IAA metabolism in some species (including Arabidopsis) is intertwined with, and affected by, the secondary metabolism of plant defence compounds (Normanly, 2010). An overview of auxin transport and signalling pathwaysAuxin is a weak organic acid consisting of a planar indole ring structure coupled to a side chain harbouring a terminal carboxyl group (Fig. 1A,B). The carboxyl group is protonated at low pH, making the molecule less polar (IAA -+ H + ⇔ IAA-H). In this form it can diffuse across cell membranes, whereas the molecule in its unprotonated, negatively charged form ...

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“…In the IPA pathway, the TAA1 family of Trp aminotransferases converts Trp into IPA (Stepanova et al 2008;Tao et al 2008;Yamada et al 2009;Zhou et al 2011) followed by the direct conversion to IAA by the YUCCA (YUC) family of flavin monooxygenase-like (FMO) enzymes Won et al 2011;Zhao 2012). Both TAA1 and YUC gene families are highly conserved across the plant kingdom and TAA1 and YUC genes are coexpressed in a spatial and temporal manner (Stepanova et al 2011) consistent with TAA1 and YUC being the primary route for IAA biosynthesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Auxin and Tryptophan Homeostasis Are Facilitated by the ISS1/VAS1 Aromatic Aminotransferase in Arabidopsis

et al. 2015

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Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a critical role in regulating numerous aspects of plant growth and development. While there is much genetic support for tryptophan-dependent (Trp-D) IAA synthesis pathways, there is little genetic evidence for tryptophanindependent (Trp-I) IAA synthesis pathways. Using Arabidopsis, we identified two mutant alleles of ISS1 (Indole Severe Sensitive) that display indole-dependent IAA overproduction phenotypes including leaf epinasty and adventitious rooting. Stable isotope labeling showed that iss1, but not WT, uses primarily Trp-I IAA synthesis when grown on indole-supplemented medium. In contrast, both iss1 and WT use primarily Trp-D IAA synthesis when grown on unsupplemented medium. iss1 seedlings produce 8-fold higher levels of IAA when grown on indole and surprisingly have a 174-fold increase in Trp. These findings indicate that the iss1 mutant's increase in Trp-I IAA synthesis is due to a loss of Trp catabolism. ISS1 was identified as At1g80360, a predicted aromatic aminotransferase, and in vitro and in vivo analysis confirmed this activity. At1g80360 was previously shown to primarily carry out the conversion of indole-3-pyruvic acid to Trp as an IAA homeostatic mechanism in young seedlings. Our results suggest that in addition to this activity, in more mature plants ISS1 has a role in Trp catabolism and possibly in the metabolism of other aromatic amino acids. We postulate that this loss of Trp catabolism impacts the use of Trp-D and/or Trp-I IAA synthesis pathways.KEYWORDS Arabidopsis thaliana; auxin; ISS1/VAS1; phenylpropanoids; tryptophan metabolism I N plants, the aromatic amino acids tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), and phenylalanine (Phe) are used for the synthesis of proteins and as precursors to a variety of specialized metabolites. While most secondary metabolites help protect the plant against abiotic and biotic stress (Tzin and Galili 2010), some such as Trp-derived indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are essential growth regulators (Woodward and Bartel 2005). IAA, the primary auxin in plants, functions in establishing cell polarity during embryogenesis (Weijers et al. 2005;Kleine-Vehn et al. 2008), determination of leaf patterning (Bainbridge et al. 2008), and initiation of lateral roots and shoots (Celenza et al. 1995;Peret et al. 2009).There are two general routes proposed for IAA biosynthesis in plants: from a Trp-dependent (Trp-D) pathway or through an indolic precursor of Trp in a Trp-independent (Trp-I) pathway (Woodward and Bartel 2005;Tivendale et al. 2014) (Figure 1). Within the Trp-D IAA biosynthetic pathway, there are three established pathways in plants that lead to IAA production: (i) the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway (ii) the indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) pathway, and (iii) the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway (Figure 1) (Ljung 2013;Zhao 2014).In the IPA pathway, the TAA1 family of Trp aminotransferases converts Trp into IPA (Stepanova et al. 2008;Tao et al. 2008;Yamada et al. 2009;Zhou et al. 2011) followed by the direct conversion to IAA by t...

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Functional characterization of the CKRC1/TAA1 gene and dissection of hormonal actions in the Arabidopsis root

Cited by 64 publications

References 55 publications

Sequencing, assembly, annotation, and gene expression: novel insights into the hormonal control of carrot root development revealed by a high-throughput transcriptome

Sequencing, assembly, annotation, and gene expression: novel insights into the hormonal control of carrot root development revealed by a high-throughput transcriptome

Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development

Auxin and Tryptophan Homeostasis Are Facilitated by the ISS1/VAS1 Aromatic Aminotransferase in Arabidopsis

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