Functional Changes Induced by Orexin A and Adiponectin on the Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Balance

Abstract

Obesity and lifestyle-related diseases are major problems faced by people in developed nations. Although exercise training prevents the progression of diabetes and obesity, the motivation for exercise is generally low in obese animals and humans. The autonomic nervous system (SNA) plays a crucial role in the regulation of eating behavior. Moreover, the SNA is involved in the body temperature regulation that is strictly related to body weight control, in accordance with the “thermoregulatory hypothesis” of food intake. Some neuronal peptides and hormones, like orexins and adiponectin, are also involved in the regulation of locomotion activity as well as food intake and metabolic rate. Furthermore, adiponectin as well as orexin A are involved in the control of body temperature, food intake and therefore in obesity-related diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in body temperature (Tc), and heart rate (HR) after an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of orexin A and adiponectin in animal model. The results of this study show that the orexin A levels are likely involved in the increase of Tc and HR. It is also clear that there is not a correlation between these parameters and adiponectin levels. Further studies are needed to assess adiponectin actions and outcome in the central nervous system in terms of energy expenditure, body temperature, heart rate and physical activity performance regulation.

Orexin-A Levels in Relation to the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia Taking Antipsychotics

“…Preclinical studies have reported that orexin-A promotes feeding behavior (Sakurai et al, 1998), whereas ablation of the orexin neurons suppresses this behavior (Inutsuka et al, 2014). The orexin neuron system can also prevent the development of obesity, reduce adiposity by stimulating thermogenesis and energy expenditure through increasing sympathetic nerve activity (Messina et al, 2018), and reduce peripheral insulin resistance (Tsuneki et al, 2015). Peripheral orexin-A may exert its own direct metabolic effects while simultaneously interacting with the central orexin system and acting synergistically to affect metabolism.…”

“…The protective effect of orexin-A may be attributable to an increase in the sympathetic tone and thermogenesis (Tsuneki et al, 2015; Messina et al, 2017). Studies have shown that a single dose of various antipsychotic treatments suppressed the sympathetic activation and thermogenesis effect that was induced by a central orexin-A injection (Monda et al, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2018). An extended exposure of antipsychotics may cause a compensatory upregulation of orexin-A to restore the sympathetic balance.…”

“…Furthermore, it has been shown to be beneficial for metabolic functions. Exogenous orexin-A administration stimulates thermogenesis and energy expenditure (Messina et al, 2014) by increasing sympathetic nervous systemic activity (Shirasaka et al, 1999; Messina et al, 2018), particularly the signals to brown fat tissues (Messina et al, 2017). Exogenous orexin-A administration in mice also reduces blood glucose levels by increasing insulin secretion and prevents insulin resistance (Park et al, 2015; Tsuneki et al, 2015).…”

The Metabolic Rearrangements of Bariatric Surgery: Focus on Orexin-A and the Adiponectin System

“…Among these, Adiponectin is the most abundant product of white adipose tissue (WAT). It is produced in various oligomers of different molecular weight and it is negatively correlated with obesity [ 4 ].…”

The Levels of Functional-Vegetative Homeostasis as Criteria for Magnetotherapy Efficacy

“…The disorders of autonomic nervous system (ANS) caused 25-80 % of functional disorders of reserves and mechanisms of adaptation to the changing environment, physical and psychosomatic efforts [1,2]. Being of integrative importance at the central level, the ANS ensures regulation of vegetative homeostasis, systemic disorders of which determine the pathogenetic basis of functional and somatic diseases [1,3,4].…”