Functional brain abnormalities in psychiatric disorders: Neural mechanisms to detect and resolve cognitive conflict and interference

Melcher, Tobias; Falkai, Peter; Gruber, Oliver

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.06.003

Cited by 76 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…Dorsal ACC and DLPFC are key structures which are involved in neuronal networks of selfcontrol and self-awareness (Jäncke et al 2009;Posner et al 2007). These structures are underactivated in neurocognitive disorders which are characterized by abnormalities in executive control, maintenance of goal directed behaviour, and performance monitoring (Melcher et al 2008). We argue that the specific RCT training focussing on the stability of behavioural performance, improves response monitoring and reduces response variability.…”

Section: Effect Of Response Cost and Token Training Programmentioning

confidence: 89%

Behavioural Treatment Increases Activity in the Cognitive Neuronal Networks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2012

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Response cost and token approach (RCT) within the scope of a summer camp training is an effective treatment program for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is likely that intensive RCT training influences networks responsible for ADHD symptoms. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was carried out in 12 children with ADHD before and after the RCT program and in 12 healthy control children twice. For fMRI, a Go/No-go paradigm was used to investigate the influence of RCT training on attention and impulsivity. The No-go condition revealed only weak activation in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) before the training in children with ADHD compared to healthy children. However, this activation in these brain regions was significantly more pronounced after the training. This increase in hemodynamic response cannot be attributed merely to repetition of the measurement since the effect was not observed in healthy children. The increase in hemodynamic response in the ACC and right DLPFC was significantly associated with a reduction in response time variability and clinical symptoms in ADHD patients. After the RCT training, the children with ADHD demonstrated more pronounced activation of cortical structures which are typically related to response monitoring and self-control. It seems likely that children with ADHD learned more cognitive control in a continuous performance task as was revealed by both neuropsychological outcome and fMRI.

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Section: Effect Of Response Cost and Token Training Programmentioning

confidence: 89%

Behavioural Treatment Increases Activity in the Cognitive Neuronal Networks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2012

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“…The literature suggests that mood disorders may share common cognitive impairments in areas such as executive function, memory, attention, and social perception as well as common biological features primarily relating to lack of development or atrophy in the prefrontal cortex (Marvel and Paradiso 2004;Melcher et al 2008;Strakowski et al 2002). Further, these PFC abnormalities appear to lead to a loss of capacity to modulate the limbic system resulting in either emotional cycling (BD) or depression (UD) depending upon the subcortical abnormalities uniquely present to each disorder (Strakowski et al 2002).…”

Section: Alterations Of Brain Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specifying the Neuropsychology of Affective Disorders: Clinical, Demographic and Neurobiological Factors

2011

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Neuropsychological research in patients with affective disorders shows heterogeneous results with regard to the severity and profile of cognitive impairments. In this paper we hypothesize that the investigation of clinical (subtypes, comorbidity, traumatization, personality, severity, diurnal swings, course, duration, age of onset, biased processing, rumination, motivation, experience of failure, sleep, suicidal tendencies, computer attitudes), demographic (age, education, gender) and neurobiological factors (structural and functional brain changes, glucocorticoids, medication, ECT) that are related to cognitive performance has specified the understanding of severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments. We reviewed the literature pertaining to clinical, demographic and neurobiological factors following Pubmed and PsychInfo databases using different combinations of general key-terms including "Affective Disorder," "Depression," "Mania," "Neuropsychological," "Neurobiological," "Moderator," and "Review" as well as more specific demographic, clinical and neurobiological search terms. Findings from the literature show that the consideration of these factors has improved knowledge about the severity of neuropsychological impairments in patients with affective disorders whereas the neuropsychological profile is still poorly understood. Despite limited understanding, however, the existent results provide promising suggestions for the development of treatment programs.

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“…Furthermore, positive correlations between PFC activation and Stroop task performance have been reported [13,14]. ACC neural activity is the monitoring function that detects and signals conflict and thereby triggers the PFC to adopt a proper executivecontrol action [15]. Decreased ACC activation in patients with schizophrenia during the Stroop task [7,16,17] and an association between structural disruption of the cingulate cortex and performance on the Stroop task [18] have been observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive inhibition in college students with schizotypal traits

Kim¹,

Oh²,

Jang³

et al. 2012

OJPsych

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Objective: We investigated cognitive inhibition in nonclinical individuals with schizotypal traits using eventrelated potentials. Methods: College students with psychometrically defined schizotypal traits (n = 16) and normal controls (n = 15) participated. The computerized Stroop task with three types of stimuli, i.e., congruent, incongruent, and neutral words, was used to measure cognitive inhibition. Results: The schizotypaltrait group committed significantly more errors in response to incongruent words than did the control group. The control group showed frontal negativity (FN) of significantly greater amplitude in response to incongruent than to congruent and neutral stimuli, whereas the schizotypal-trait group showed no significant difference in FN amplitude between incongruent and congruent/neutral stimuli at 300 -400 ms poststimulus. A source localization analysis conducted in different waveforms for incongruent minus congruent conditions at 300 -400 ms poststimulus showed reduced activation in the left cingulate cortex and in the middle/medial prefrontal cortex in the schizotypal-trait group compared with the control group. The two groups did not differ in the sustained potential amplitudes observed at 550 -650 ms after stimulus-onset at parietal sites. Conclusions: These results suggest that individuals with schizotypal traits have difficulties in conflict detection and cognitive inhibition, possibly mediated by the cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex.

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Functional brain abnormalities in psychiatric disorders: Neural mechanisms to detect and resolve cognitive conflict and interference

Cited by 76 publications

References 158 publications

Behavioural Treatment Increases Activity in the Cognitive Neuronal Networks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Behavioural Treatment Increases Activity in the Cognitive Neuronal Networks in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Specifying the Neuropsychology of Affective Disorders: Clinical, Demographic and Neurobiological Factors

Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive inhibition in college students with schizotypal traits

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