Fumonisins in African Countries

Yli-Mattila, Tapani; Sundheim, Leif

doi:10.3390/toxins14060419

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Although their results are based only on 22 samples, both surveys show that FB1 contamination of maize grains is frequent in Uruguay, and it is frequently found at high levels. Also, our results are similar to those reported for maize in other parts of the world (Garrido et al 2012;Scussel et al 2014;Udovicki et al 2018;Yli-Mattila and Sundheim 2022) and support the idea that this crop is very prone to fumonisin contamination (Ponce-García et al 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Major Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with freshly harvested maize grain in Uruguay

et al. 2023

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Fusarium species are common fungal pathogens of maize. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides, among others, can cause maize ear rot, and they are also mycotoxin producers. The aims of this work were to determine the frequency and diversity of Fusarium species in Uruguayan maize kernels, evaluate the toxigenic potential of the isolates, determine toxin contamination levels on freshly harvested grain, and assess the sensitivity of main Fusarium species against fungicides. Fusarium verticillioides was the most frequent species isolated, followed by Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto. Of F. verticillioides isolates studied for fumonisin production, 72% produced fumonisin B1 and 32% fumonisin B2. Considering in vitro toxin production by F. graminearum sensu stricto isolates, deoxynivalenol was the main toxin produced, followed by zearalenone and nivalenol. Fumonisins were the most frequently found toxins on freshly harvested maize samples (98% in 2018 and 86% in 2019), and also, fumonisin B1 was the toxin with highest concentration in both years studied (4860 µg/ kg in 2018 and 1453 µg/kg in 2019). Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were also found as contaminants. Metconazole and epoxiconazole were the most effective fungicides tested on F. verticillioides isolates. Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto isolates also were more sensitive to metconazole compared to other fungicides; nevertheless, epoxiconazole was less efficient in controlling this species. This is the first study that reports Fusarium species and mycotoxin contamination levels associated with maize grain in Uruguay. Its detection is the main step to develop management strategies in order to minimize fungal infection in maize crops.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Major Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with freshly harvested maize grain in Uruguay

et al. 2023

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“…Another potential hidden dietary risk factor for altered Mg 2+ homeostasis and NTDs is exposure to the mycotoxin fumonisin Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology frontiersin.org B1 (FB1). FB1 is a common contaminant found in maize-based foods worldwide, including many countries in Africa where rollout of DTG has been widespread (Yli-Mattila and Sundheim, 2022;Alberts et al, 2019;Omotayo et al, 2019). FB1 inhibits the enzyme ceramide synthase in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, causing accumulation of sphingoid bases (sphingosine and sphinganine) in human and mouse blood (Riley et al, 2015a;Riley et al, 2015b), and in mouse placentas and embryos (Gelineau-van Waes et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene-nutrient interactions that impact magnesium homeostasis increase risk for neural tube defects in mice exposed to dolutegravir

Gelineau-van Waes,

van Waes,

Hallgren

et al. 2023

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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In 2018, data from a surveillance study in Botswana evaluating adverse birth outcomes raised concerns that women on antiretroviral therapy (ART) containing dolutegravir (DTG) may be at increased risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). The mechanism of action for DTG involves chelation of Mg2+ ions in the active site of the viral integrase. Plasma Mg2+ homeostasis is maintained primarily through dietary intake and reabsorption in the kidneys. Inadequate dietary Mg2+ intake over several months results in slow depletion of plasma Mg2+ and chronic latent hypomagnesemia, a condition prevalent in women of reproductive age worldwide. Mg2+ is critical for normal embryonic development and neural tube closure. We hypothesized that DTG therapy might slowly deplete plasma Mg2+ and reduce the amount available to the embryo, and that mice with pre-existing hypomagnesemia due to genetic variation and/or dietary Mg2+ insufficiency at the time of conception and initiation of DTG treatment would be at increased risk for NTDs. We used two different approaches to test our hypothesis: 1) we selected mouse strains that had inherently different basal plasma Mg2+ levels and 2) placed mice on diets with different concentrations of Mg2+. Plasma and urine Mg2+ were determined prior to timed mating. Pregnant mice were treated daily with vehicle or DTG beginning on the day of conception and embryos examined for NTDs on gestational day 9.5. Plasma DTG was measured for pharmacokinetic analysis. Our results demonstrate that hypomagnesemia prior to conception, due to genetic variation and/or insufficient dietary Mg2+ intake, increases the risk for NTDs in mice exposed to DTG. We also analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from inbred mouse strains and identified 9 predicted deleterious missense variants in Fam111a that were unique to the LM/Bc strain. Human FAM111A variants are associated with hypomagnesemia and renal Mg2+ wasting. The LM/Bc strain exhibits this same phenotype and was the strain most susceptible to DTG-NTDs. Our results suggest that monitoring plasma Mg2+ levels in patients on ART regimens that include DTG, identifying other risk factors that impact Mg2+ homeostasis, and correcting deficiencies in this micronutrient might provide an effective strategy for mitigating NTD risk.

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“…The incidence rate of FBs in maize in South Africa and other sub-Saharan African countries often exceeds 90% 3 – 5 . Maize in particular, is a favoured substrate for FB contamination, however, they have also been identified in other grains such as sorghum, millet, and wheat, as well as other agricultural commodities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights from modelling sixteen years of climatic and fumonisin patterns in maize in South Africa

Gbashi,

Adelusi,

Njobeh

2024

Sci Rep

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Mycotoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is a global public health problem that has remained elusive to various mitigation approaches, particularly in developing countries. Climate change and its impact exacerbates South Africa’s vulnerability to mycotoxin contamination, and significantly threatens its’s food systems, public health, and agro-economic development. Herein we analyse sixteen years (2005/2006–2020/2021) of annual national meteorological data on South Africa which reveals both systematic and erratic variability in critical climatic factors known to influence mycotoxin contamination in crops. Within the same study period, data on fumonisin (FB) monitoring show clear climate-dependent trends. The strongest positive warming trend is observed between 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 (0.51 °C/year), and a strong positive correlation is likewise established between FB contamination and temperature (r ranging from 0.6 to 0.9). Four machine learning models, viz support vector machines, eXtreme gradient boosting, random forest, and orthogonal partial least squares, are generalized on the historical data with suitable performance (RMSE as low as 0.00). All the adopted models are able to predict future FB contamination patterns with reasonable precision (R2 ranging from 0.34 to 1.00). The most important model feature for predicting average FB contamination (YA) is the historical pattern of average FB contamination in maize within the region (ΣFBs_avg). The two most significant features in modelling maximum FB contamination (YM) are minimum temperature from the CMIP6 data (Pro_tempMIN) and observed precipitation from the CRU data (O_prep). Our study provides strong evidence of the impact of climate change on FB in South Africa and reiterates the significance of machine learning modelling in predicting mycotoxin contamination in light of changing climatic conditions, which could facilitate early warnings and the adoption of relevant mitigation measures that could help in mycotoxin risk management and control.

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Fumonisins in African Countries

Cited by 13 publications

References 96 publications

Major Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with freshly harvested maize grain in Uruguay

Major Fusarium species and mycotoxins associated with freshly harvested maize grain in Uruguay

Gene-nutrient interactions that impact magnesium homeostasis increase risk for neural tube defects in mice exposed to dolutegravir

Insights from modelling sixteen years of climatic and fumonisin patterns in maize in South Africa

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