Fumonisin intake of the German consumer

Zimmer, Ithan; Usleber, Ewald; Klaffke, H.; Weber, Rudolf; Majerus, P.; Otteneder, H.; Gareis, M.; Dietrich, Richard; Märtlbauer, Erwin

doi:10.1007/bf02985269

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…values of 6170 mg/kg and 2890 mg/kg, respectively. In Germany, Zimmer et al (2008) found that 74.2% of the cornmeal samples were contaminated with FBs, ranging from 5 to 4766 mg/kg. In this study, the levels of FBs found were lower than in other regions of the Brazil and the world.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The estimate of the Average Probable Daily Intake (APDI) was calculated using the method of Herrman and Yunes (1999), and the estimate of the Maximum Probable Daily Intake (MPDI) was calculated according to Zimmer et al (2008). The calculations were performed using the average levels of FBs and the maximum concentrations (90th percentile) found in the samples analysed, which were multiplied by the daily consumption of corn-based food (IBGE, 2011) and divided by 60 kg of body weight.…”

Section: Estimate Of the Average Probable Daily Intake (Apdi) And Maxmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Daily intake estimates of fumonisins in corn-based food products in the population of Parana, Brazil

Martins

Ferreira

et al. 2012

Food Control

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a b s t r a c tOne hundred (100) samples of corn-based food products were collected between February 2007 and July 2010 to estimate the intake of fumonisins in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The identification of fumonisins was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and post column o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) derivatisation. The occurrences of fumonisins B 1 (FB 1 ) and B 2 (FB 2 ) were 82% and 51%, respectively, with concentrations ranging from 126 to 4348 mg/kg (FB 1 þ FB 2 ). Among corn-based products, corn meal had a higher prevalence of fumonisin (96.6%), and corn grits had the highest level of contamination (3462 mg/kg for FB 1 and 886 mg/kg for FB 2 ). The average probable daily intake (APDI) and maximum probable daily intake (MPDI) estimated for the population of Parana, Brazil, were 120.58 and 256.07 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, which is lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI), 2000 ng/kg body weight/day.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimate Of the Average Probable Daily Intake (Apdi) And Maxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily intake estimates of fumonisins in corn-based food products in the population of Parana, Brazil

Martins

Ferreira

et al. 2012

Food Control

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“…Fumonisin content in foodstuffs and agricultural commodities depends on the hosts of the molds. The high frequency and concentrations found in corn products is due to the fondness of producer strains for preferentially infesting corn (Zimmer et al., ). The main producers of fumonisins are Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum , but a large number of fusaria (for example, F. napiforme, F. oxysporum, F. dlamini , F. nygamai , and F. anthophilum ) are known to synthesize these mycotoxins (Supplementary Table 2).…”

Section: Fumonisins In Foodstuffs and Agricultural Commoditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure, Occurrence, and Chemistry of Fumonisins and their Cryptic Derivatives

Braun

Wink

2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Fumonisins are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. Because of their wide distribution, the potential health hazard, and economic significance, they are considered one of the most important mycotoxin classes. Epidemiological evidence suggests a relationship between the Fusarium load in corn, exposure to fumonisins, and esophageal cancer. However, mechanisms of actions of fumonisins are not yet fully resolved and epidemiological studies suffer from various confounding factors. Correspondingly, the most relevant congener of the fumonisin family (fumonisin B 1 ) has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and maximum limits have been set for corn and corn-based products. However, many non-corn-based products are also susceptible to fumonisin contamination. Indeed, some of them contain very high amounts of fumonisins, but enter the market legally. Furthermore, fumonisin exposure of consumers is probably consistently being underestimated because only a fraction of fumonisins can be detected by routine analysis. The bioavailability and toxicity of most nondetectable (cryptic) forms has not been resolved. In this work, we review the developments of cancer research into fumonisins since their discovery in 1988 until today and provide an overview of the contributions of various foodstuffs to fumonisin exposure, including those products that have been largely neglected in the past. In conclusion, (1) corn remains the principal source of fumonisin ingestion, but fumonisins in non-corn-based commodities require continuous monitoring;(2) cryptic fumonisins should be included in risk assessment studies; and (3) certain population groups (for example children) may suffer from enhanced exposure and could face increased health risks.

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“…In corn flakes and cereal grits, HFB 1-3 were more frequently found (62.4% vs 55.8%, respectively) and at higher concentration level than FB 1-3 median concentration (13.0 lg/kg vs 10.0 lg/kg, respectively) (Zimmer et al, 2008). In corn flakes and cereal grits, HFB 1-3 were more frequently found (62.4% vs 55.8%, respectively) and at higher concentration level than FB 1-3 median concentration (13.0 lg/kg vs 10.0 lg/kg, respectively) (Zimmer et al, 2008).…”

Section: Partially and Totally Hydrolysed Fumonisin B 1-4mentioning

confidence: 90%

Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms

Knutsen¹,

Barregård²,

Bignami³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) of 1.0 lg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2 , FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1 . Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4 ), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2 ), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3 ), N-(1deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1 ), O-fatty acyl FB 1 , N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1 . HFB 1 , pHFB 1 , NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1 . Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1 , no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4 . The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4 . and Alexander J, 2018. Scientific opinion on the appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA Journal 2018;16(2):5172, 75 pp. https://doi.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. HBGV for fumonisins and their modified forms www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2018;16(2):5172 HBGV for fumonisins and their modified forms www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2018;16(2):5172Although FBs are poorly absorbed, unchanged FBs excreted into urine have been used as a biomarker of exposure in humans. In animal studies changes in sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So) and the Sa/So ratio can be determined in urine following FB exposure. A dose related increase in the sphinganine 1-phosphate (Sa 1-P)/sphingosine 1-phosphate (So 1-P) ratio in blood spots which correlated with urinary FB 1 levels has been reported in human studies. This result is consistent with fumonisin inhibition of CerS in humans.Toxicity studies deal mainly with effects of FB 1 , but FB 2-4 are considered as having similar toxicological profiles and potencies. FB 1 is considered not to be acutely toxic. In repeated dose st...

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Fumonisin intake of the German consumer

Cited by 23 publications

References 54 publications

Daily intake estimates of fumonisins in corn-based food products in the population of Parana, Brazil

Daily intake estimates of fumonisins in corn-based food products in the population of Parana, Brazil

Exposure, Occurrence, and Chemistry of Fumonisins and their Cryptic Derivatives

Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms

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