Fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A in beers made in Brazil

Abstract

Samples of beer made in Brazil were analyzed for the presence of fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) and ochratoxin A (OTA). FB 1 was searched for in 58 beer samples from 30 plants located in nine states. The samples were concentrated and cleaned up with strong ion exchange column, derivatized with OPA and analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The limit of detection was 0.26 ng.mL -1 and the average recovery was 98%. Twenty-five samples contained FB 1 ranging from 1 to 40 ng.mL -1 . Beer (123 samples) from 36 plants located in 5 states were analyzed for OTA by means of immunoaffinity column cleanup followed by liquid chromatography associated with fluorescence. The detection limit was 0.1 ng.mL -1 and the average recovery was 92%. Five samples contained OTA in concentrations from 1 to 18 ng.mL -1 . The results indicate that FB 1 and OTA contamination in Brazilian beer is not geographically limited and that beer does not contribute significantly to FB 1 intake by consumers. In the case of regular high ingestion, beer could contribute sizably to OTA, intake although still below the maximum considered tolerable for the toxin. Keywords: mycotoxins; fumonisin B 1 ; ochratoxin A; beer. ResumoA presença de fumonisina B 1 (FB 1 ) e de ocratoxina A (OTA) foi investigada em amostras de cerveja fabricada no Brasil. FB 1 foi pesquisada em 58 amostras de cerveja provenientes de 30 fábricas localizadas em nove Estados. As amostras foram concentradas, e a toxina isolada através de coluna de troca iônica forte, derivação com OPA e análise por CLAE com fluorescência associada. O limite de detecção foi 0,26 ng.mL -1 e a recuperação média foi de 98%. Vinte e cinco amostras continham FB 1 em concentrações de 1 a 40 ng.mL -1 . Cerveja (123 amostras) proveniente de 36 fábricas localizadas em 5 Estados foi analisada para OTA através de coluna de imunoafinidade seguida de CLAE com detector de fluorescência. O limite de detecção foi 0,1 ng.mL -1 e a recuperação média foi de 92%. Cinco amostras continham OTA em concentrações de 1 a 18 ng.mL -1 . Os resultados indicam que a contaminação da cerveja brasileira por FB 1 e por OTA não é geograficamente limitada e que não contribui significativamente para a ingestão de FB 1 por consumidores. Por outro lado, no caso de consumo alto e regular, esta pode contribuir substancialmente na ingestão de OTA, porém ainda abaixo do máximo considerado tolerável para a toxina. Palavras-chave: micotoxinas; fumonisina B 1 ; ocratoxina A; cerveja.

Quality and occurrence of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins in craft beer

“…Considering FB 1 , the results presented previously are similar to a study carried out in Brazil in 2007, where 43.1% of the industrial beers analyzed were contaminated with levels ranging from 1 to 40 mg/l (Kawashima et al 2007). Furthermore, the results from this survey were in agreement with previous European studies: Bertuzzi et al (2011) detected FBs in 97% of the samples (n ¼ 32) at maximum levels of 30 mg/l and Torres, Sanchis, and Ramos (1998) detected FBs in 43.8% of Spanish beer (n ¼ 32) at levels of 4.8e85.5 mg/l.…”

“…As beer production requires the use of barley grains and these may have been exposed to mycotoxins, a number of studies have been carried out to detect these in commercially available beers (Benesova, Belakova, Mikulíkov a, & Svoboda, 2012;Kawashima, Vieira, & Valente Soares, 2007;Scott, 1996). In summary, results showed that the deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, T-2, HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol, zearalenone, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins have been detected in beers at trace (ppb) levels.…”

Mycotoxin occurrence in beer produced in several European countries

“…In a following survey on 304 samples of Canadian and imported beer, the toxin was found only in some samples from India (highest value 0.230 mg l À1 ), Spain, Portugal and Mexico (all lower than 0.02 mg l À1 ) (Mably et al, 2005). Regarding FBs, several surveys reported widespread concentrations of fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), but generally lower than 100 mg l À1 (Scott & Lawrence, 1995;Kawashima, Vieira & Valente Soares, 2007;Torres, Sanchis & Ramos, 1998;Hlywka & Bullerman, 1999;Dasko, Rauova, Belajova & Kovac, 2005).…”

Aspergillus and Ochratoxin A in Latin America

“…In contrast, other studies not detected OTA in any of the commercial corn kernel samples analyzed (Caldas et al 2002;Magnoli et al 2006b) Few studies regarding OTA occurrence in other substrates are available from Latin America. Kawashima et al (2007) evaluated OTA content on beers produced in different locations in the states of Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraíba, and Pará. Ochratoxin A was found in 4 % of the samples and the concentrations ranged from 1 to 18 ng/mL.…”

“…The presence of OTA has been reported in a wide range of foods and beverages, in body fluids, and in kidneys of animals and humans (EFSA 2006). Natural occurrence of OTA in Latin America has been observed in coffee, wines, beers, grapes, dried grapes, species, cereals, and derivates destined for humans and animals (Iamanaka et al 2005;Taniwaki 2006;Chulze et al 2006;Magnoli et al 2006aMagnoli et al , 2007aKawashima et al 2007;Rosa et al 2009;Shundo et al 2009;Ponsone et al 2010;Vega et al 2012;Vanesa and Ana 2013). The maximum limits for OTA are regulated in many countries but not in Latin America countries.…”