Fullerenes in Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

The sections in this article are Introduction Photodynamic Therapy Traditional Photosensitizers Photophysics and Photochemistry in PDT Anticancer Mechanism of PDT Cellular Effects In Vivo Effects Antimicrobial Mechanism of PDT Fullerenes as Photosensitizers Photophysics of Fullerenes Photochemistry of Fullerenes Interactions of Fullerenes with DNA Drug‐Delivery Strategies for Fullerenes Strategies to Overcome the Unfavorable Spectral Absorption of Fullerenes Covalent Attachment of Light‐Harvesting Antennae to Fullerenes Two‐Photon PDT Anticancer Effects of Fullerenes In Vitro PDT with Fullerenes In Vivo PDT with Fullerenes Fullerenes for Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Photoinactivation of Viruses Photoinactivation of Bacteria and Other Pathogens Summary and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments

An optical method for reducing green fluorescence from urine during fluorescence-guided cystoscopy

“…In fluorescence-guided cystoscopy of the bladder, also known as photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), a 50 ml solution of a photosensitiser precursor, the hexyl derivative of 5-aminolevulininc acid (Hexvix ® , Photocure ASA, Oslo, Norway), is administered to the bladder through a catheter via the urethra. This substance is metabolised in the mitochondria of the tumour cells to Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as a part of the heme cycle (Hamblin and Mróz 2008). PpIX emits red fluorescence (635 nm), making the tumours of the bladder fluoresce red when the bladder is illuminated by blue light (430 nm) through the cystoscope.…”

Perspectives of Fullerene Derivatives in PDT and Radiotherapy of Cancers

“…A number of books that comprehensively describe an organic chemistry of fullerenes [2,20] and their application in biochemistry and medicine [2,21,22] have been published. Many reviews appeared [23][24][25][26][27][28] to describe the investigation of synthesis of new compounds based fullerene, and their possible medical usage [29][30][31][32][33][34][35], in particularly, in PDT [27,36]. However, the trends in PDT as well as in the emergence of new fullerene derivatives are changing very rapidly and this requires analysis of their medical options as effectors of the apoptosis of normal and cancer cells.…”