Full-nitro-nitroamino cooperative action: Climbing the energy peak of benzenes with enhanced chemical stability

Abstract

More nitro groups accord benzenes with higher energy but lower chemical stability. Hexanitrobenzene (HNB) with a fully nitrated structure has stood as the energy peak of organic explosives since 1966, but it is very unstable and even decomposes in moist air. To increase the energy limit and strike a balance between energy and chemical stability, we propose an interval full-nitro-nitroamino cooperative strategy to present a new fully nitrated benzene, 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene (TNTNB), which was synthesized using an acylation-activation-nitration method. TNTNB exhibits a high density ( d : 1.995 g cm −3 at 173 K, 1.964 g cm −3 at 298 K) and excellent heat of detonation ( Q : 7179 kJ kg −1 ), which significantly exceed those of HNB ( Q : 6993 kJ kg −1 ) and the state-of-the-art explosive CL-20 ( Q : 6534 kJ kg −1 ); thus, TNTNB represents the new energy peak for organic explosives. Compared to HNB, TNTNB also exhibits enhanced chemical stability in water, acids, and bases.

Toward Advanced High-Performance Insensitive FOX-7-like Energetic Materials via Positional Isomerization

“…Energetic materials such as explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants have played essential roles in military defense and civilian construction since the discovery of nitroglycerin. − The energy landscape for energetic materials not only affects detonation performance but also stabilities and sensitivities. − For energetic materials, elemental composition, molecular structure, and crystalline phases play dominant roles in their detonation performance and mechanical sensitivities. In most cases, molecules with high detonation performance exhibit poor stabilities and high sensitivities. − However, there are some special cases where, for example, HMX and CL-20 − show powerful detonation properties as well as appropriate thermal stabilities that give rise to practical applications.…”

Boosting Laser-Ignited Combustion Performance of Energetic Materials with Low Sensitivity: Integration of Triazene-Bridged Triazole with Oxygen-Rich Moieties via Noncovalent Self-Assembly

“…Triazene-bridged triazole may be a useful structure for self-assembly materials to improve the detonation performance and stability in view of its conjugated system and high nitrogen content. Triazene-bridge (−NN–NH−) contains an additional amino group (N–H) that acts as a HB donor in addition to a −NN– unit. , In particular, two triazole rings provide a rich active site, which facilitates the introduction of multiple energetic components for better performance. In this study, bis­(1,2,4-triazolyl)­triazene containing triazene (−NN–NH−) and oxidant molecules (i.e., HNO 3 , and HClO 4 ) were selected as fuel and oxidizer to construct three new energetic materials by the noncovalent self-assembly strategy.…”

Achieving the highest density and energy within diazo-oxide compounds

“…They are essential components in the formulation of propellants and explosives, which play vital roles in mining engineering, aerospace exploration, and most modern defense systems. [1][2][3] Density is one of the most important properties of energetic materials as it affects their detonation velocity. More importantly, detonation pressure increases proportionally with the square of density.…”