Boosting Laser-Ignited Combustion Performance of Energetic Materials with Low Sensitivity: Integration of Triazene-Bridged Triazole with Oxygen-Rich Moieties via Noncovalent Self-Assembly

Abstract

It has long been a driving force in the development of energetic materials to hunt for novel high-energy density materials (HEDMs) with high energy and good stability. Recently, the noncovalent self-assembly strategy of energetic anions and cations to generate HEDMs is an effective strategy for introducing an oxidizer and fuel separately into the energy system. In this study, bis(1,2,4-triazolyl)triazene containing triazene (−NNNH−) and oxidant molecules (i.e., HNO3 and HClO4) were selected as high-energy ions to develop new high energy materials by using noncovalent self-assembly. The experimental results showed that three exemplary compounds possess excellent detonation pressure and detonation velocity (P C–J: 22.8–29.3 GPa and D: 7425–8135 m s–1), which are comparable to the classical explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) (P C–J: 19.5 GPa and D: 6881 m s–1) as well as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) (P C–J: 34.9 GPa and D: 8795 m s–1). Moreover, 1 and 3 exhibit low mechanical sensitivities (IS: 40 J and IS: 70 J). Thus, 1 and 3 have great potential as insensitive energetic materials. Especially, these energetic assemblies have excellent laser-ignited combustion properties and can be used as candidates for low sensitivity propellants.

Constructing a graphene-like structure to lower friction sensitivity: Ag(i) complexes based on furan-2,5-dicarbohydrazide

“…It must have appropriate sensitivity, not too sensitive to avoid accidental ignition in non-working environments such as production, transportation, and storage, and not too insensitive to make ignition difficult. 34,35 Therefore, after accumulating a certain amount of samples, we used the Bundesanstalt fu ¨r Materialforschung (BAM [36][37][38] ) standard test method to evaluate the mechanical sensitivity of ECP-1, and the experimental results are, IS = 4 J and FS = 84 N, also shown in Table 1.…”

Keeping the Same Ratio of the Ligand and Perchlorate: Realizing the High Performance of Energetic Materials by Changing the Bonding Mode

“…Classical energetic ionic salts are formed by combining organic skeleton molecules with oxidizing acids (such as HClO 4 and HNO 3 ). − Among them, most organic skeleton molecules come from heterocyclic rings, such as triazole and tetrazole, which can be modified by adding groups such as −NH 2 , −OH, and −NO 2 to change their N and O contents. , Oxidative acid ions can make great contributions to improving oxygen balance and detonation performance. , ECPs are obtained by the coordination covalent bond between ligands and metal ions. The difference is that the ligands here are diverse.…”

Optimization of performance and sensitivity: preparation of two Ag(i)-based ECPs by using isomeric ligands

“…[5][6][7][8] The performance of energetic compounds is determined by their structure, and even minor changes in the structure of these compounds may have a significant impact on their performance. [9][10][11] "Transformer"-like EMs refer to a kind of EM with the same molecular formula but different structure, which can change the thermal performance (melting point, decomposition temperature), energy performance (detonation pressure, detonation velocity) and safety characteristics (mechanical sensitivity) of energetic compounds to meet the requirements of different application scenarios by changing the crystal form, configuration, skeleton ring, substituent group or substituent position of molecules. [12][13][14][15] According to the structural characteristics of energetic compounds, they can be primarily classified into two major categories: flexible "transformer"-like EMs and rigid "transformer"-like EMs.…”

“…5–8 The performance of energetic compounds is determined by their structure, and even minor changes in the structure of these compounds may have a significant impact on their performance. 9–11…”