Full-Genome Sequence of a Reassortant H1N2 Influenza A Virus Isolated from Pigs in Brazil

Abstract

In this study, the full-genome sequence of a reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus is reported. The isolate has the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from human lineage (H1-δ cluster and N2), and the internal genes (polymerase basic 1 [PB1], polymerase basic 2 [PB2], polymerase acidic [PA], nucleoprotein [NP], matrix [M], and nonstructural [NS]) are derived from human 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) virus.

Porcine respiratory disease complex after the introduction of H1N1/2009 influenza virus in Brazil

“…Since 2009, this virus has rapidly spread in swine herds around the world (Vincent et al., ), with reassortment between enzootic swine IAV and H1N1/2009 (Ali, Khatri, Wang, Saif, & Lee, ; Ducatez et al., ; Moreno et al., ; Pereda et al., ; Vijaykrishna et al., ). In Brazil, reassortants of H1N2 and H3N2 viruses with H1N1/2009 have been detected in swine since 2011 (Nelson et al., ; Schmidt et al., ). In our study, a minor percentage of H1N2 (9.5%) and H3N2 (6.8%) subtypes was detected, mostly after 2010, similar to recent serologic investigations in pig herds in Brazil (Ciacci‐Zanella et al., ; Dias et al., ; Rajao, Alves et al., ).…”

A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide

“…Although the real-time RT-PCR is a powerful and rapid tool for the subtyping of IAV strains, it is more expensive than reverse-transcription PCR. A few studies have reported reverse-transcription PCR based amplification of all the eight gene segments of IAV to generate the whole genome sequences [33,91,128,231] but in most cases, the whole genome sequences were generated using MiSeq next-generation sequencing approach [150,214,325,329]. A great advantage of this sequencing approach is that it can identify novel influenza viruses in the swine samples [80,90,301].…”

“…Later two more H1N2 viruses were isolated and characterized from swine in Rio Grande do Sul province during 2013. The sequences of both the isolates had high nucleotide similarity to each other in different genome segments in the range of 98.9% to 100% which suggested a common source of origin of both isolates [329].…”

Swine Influenza Virus and Association with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Pig Farms in Southern Brazil

“…However, the distribution of swIAV subtypes is in constant evolution; the A(H1N1)pdm09 has been isolated from pigs in several countries (Moreno et al., ; Forgie et al., ; Schaefer et al., ). Furthermore, identification of reassortant viruses involving the pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 and endemic viruses lineages has been frequently reported (Ducatez et al., ; Moreno et al., ; Schmidt et al., ). Therefore, the evolutionary dynamics of IAVs are complex and determined by their multihost ecology, viral structure and segmented genome which allows genetic reassortment between different viruses (Nelson and Vincent, ).…”

“…The genome of this virus contains six gene segments ( PB2 , PB1 , PA , HA , NP and NS ) descending from the triple‐reassortant swIAV of the North American swine lineage, plus two gene segments ( M and NA ) derived from a Eurasian lineage of swine influenza (Dawood et al., ). Recently, a human‐like H1N2 was identified in Brazil in which the HA and NA genes clustered with influenza viruses of human lineages, whereas the internal genes ( PB1 , PB2 , PA , NP , M , and NS ) clustered with the subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 (Schmidt et al., ; Schaefer et al., ). Apart from this information, data on swIAV infections and swIAV variability in Brazil are still scarce.…”