Fugitive Emissions and Health Implications of Plancha-Type Stoves

Ruiz-García, Víctor M.; Edwards, Rufus; Ghasemian, Masoud; Berrueta, Víctor; Princevac, Marko; Vázquez, José Ángel Lara; Johnson, Michael; Masera, Omar

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b01704

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Table 2 presents the summary statistics for the input parameters measured during cooking events for the single‐zone model, as well as the corresponding kitchen concentrations. Ventilation (mean = 17.8 air changes per hour [ACH]; range = 6–73 [ACH]), kitchen volumes (mean = 21.1 m 3 ; range = 5–52 m 3 ), and cooking event durations (mean = 51; range = 7–125 min/event) were generally in line with those used by ISO and WHO, 12,13 as well as other similar modeling exercises 37–39 . Kitchen event concentrations (mean = 886 µg/m 3 ; range of 10–16 161 µg/m 3 for PM 2.5, and mean = 28.6 ppm; range = 0–196 ppm for CO) and 24‐h exposures for PM2.5 (mean = 135 µg/m 3 ; range = 14–686 µg/m 3 ) were reasonable given previous studies' ranges of 24‐h exposures for these fuel user groups 3,40 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

et al. 2021

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This study assessed the performance of modeling approaches to estimate personal exposure in Kenyan homes where cooking fuel combustion contributes substantially to household air pollution (HAP). We measured emissions (PM2.5, black carbon, CO); household air pollution (PM2.5, CO); personal exposure (PM2.5, CO); stove use; and behavioral, socioeconomic, and household environmental characteristics (eg, ventilation and kitchen volume). We then applied various modeling approaches: a single‐zone model; indirect exposure models, which combine person‐location and area‐level measurements; and predictive statistical models, including standard linear regression and ensemble machine learning approaches based on a set of predictors such as fuel type, room volume, and others. The single‐zone model was reasonably well‐correlated with measured kitchen concentrations of PM2.5 (R2 = 0.45) and CO (R2 = 0.45), but lacked precision. The best performing regression model used a combination of survey‐based data and physical measurements (R2 = 0.76) and a root mean‐squared error of 85 µg/m3, and the survey‐only‐based regression model was able to predict PM2.5 exposures with an R2 of 0.51. Of the machine learning algorithms evaluated, extreme gradient boosting performed best, with an R2 of 0.57 and RMSE of 98 µg/m3.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

et al. 2021

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“…The CO and CO 2 sensors were calibrated using gas standard at 500 and 5000 ppm, respectively. Pure nitrogen was used to establish the zero point [39,40].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Emissions Generated By Pellet Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PM 2.5 was collected on hydrophilic, binderless glass fiber filter paper (FPAE-102) positioned downstream of a cyclone particle separator (URG, 2.5 µm). Filters were equilibrated at 35 ± 5% relative humidity and 23 ± 2 • C before measuring pre-and post-weights on a microbalance (model EX225D, OHAUS, Parsippany, NJ, USA) [39,40].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Emissions Generated By Pellet Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Quiñones-Reveles

Ruiz-García

Ramos-Vargas

et al. 2021

Forests

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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

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“…We also did not report on stoves from Latin America or chimney stoves, which can substantially reduce exposure to household air pollution [52][53][54]. Especially useful would be a field study of fugitive emissions under real-world conditions, which would complement similar laboratory efforts [55], and provide context for how well chimney stoves capture and vent health damaging pollutants in homes.…”

Section: Limitations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Home Emissions Performance of Cookstoves in Asia and Africa

et al. 2019

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This paper presents results from eight field studies in Asia and Africa on the emissions performance of 16 stove/fuel combinations measured during normal cooking events in homes. Characterizing real-world emissions performance is important for understanding the climate and health implications of technologies being promoted as alternatives to displace baseline cooking stoves and fuels. Almost all of the stove interventions were measured to have substantial reductions in PM2.5 and CO emissions compared to their respective baseline technologies (reductions of 24–87% and 25–80%, for PM2.5 and CO emission rates, respectively), though comparison with performance guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suggests that further improvement for biomass stoves would help realize more health benefits. The emissions of LPG stoves were generally below the WHO interim PM2.5 emissions target (1.75 mg/min) though it was not clear how close they were to the most aspirational ISO (0.2 mg/min) or WHO (0.23 mg/min) targets as our limit of detection was 1.1 mg/min. Elemental and organic carbon emission factors and elemental-to-total carbon ratios (medians ranging from 0.11 to 0.42) were in line with previously reported field-based estimates for similar stove/fuel combinations. Two of the better performing forced draft stoves used with pellets—the Oorja (median ET/TC = 0.12) and Eco-Chula (median ET/TC = 0.42)—were at opposite ends of the range, indicating that important differences in combustion conditions can arise even between similar stove/fuel combinations. Field-based tests of stove performance also provide important feedback for laboratory test protocols. Comparison of these results to previously published water boiling test data from the laboratory reinforce the trend that stove performance is generally better during controlled laboratory conditions, with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) being consistently lower in the field for respective stove/fuel categories. New testing approaches, which operate stoves through a broader range of conditions, indicate potential for better MCE agreement than previous versions of water boiling tests. This improved agreement suggests that stove performance estimates from a new ISO laboratory testing protocol, including testing stoves across low, medium, and high firepower, may provide more representative estimates of real-world performance than previously used tests. More representative results from standardized laboratory testing should help push stove designs toward better real-world performance as well as provide a better indication of how the tested technologies will perform for the user.

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Fugitive Emissions and Health Implications of Plancha-Type Stoves

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

In-Home Emissions Performance of Cookstoves in Asia and Africa

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