Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

Johnson, Michael; Piedrahita, Ricardo; Pillarisetti, Ajay; Shupler, Matthew; Menya, Diana; Rossanese, Madeleine; Delapeña, Samantha; Penumetcha, Neeraja; Chartier, Ryan; Puzzolo, Elisa; Pope, Daniel

doi:10.1111/ina.12790

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We logged 1-minute interval CO concentrations using the Lascar EL-USB-300 (Lascar Electronics, USA), which is the size of a large pen (125 × 26.4 × 26.4mm, 42g), runs on ½ AA batteries, and has a sensing range between 0 and 300 ppm. The Lascar CO device has been used extensively in HAP assessment (Chillrud et al 2021; Fandiño-Del-Rio et al 2017; Johnson et al 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

Johnson

Pillarisetti

Piedrahita

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundExposure to PM2.5 arising from solid fuel combustion is estimated to result in approximately 2.3 million premature deaths and 90 million lost disability-adjusted life years annually. ‘Clean’ cooking interventions attempting to mitigate this burden have had limited success in reducing exposures to levels that may yield improved health outcomes.ObjectivesThis paper reports exposure reductions achieved by a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) stove and fuel intervention for pregnant mothers in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial.MethodsThe HAPIN trial included 3,195 households primarily using biomass for cooking in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. 24-hour exposures to PM2.5, carbon monoxide (CO), and black carbon (BC) were measured for pregnant women once before randomization into control (n=1605) and LPG arms (n=1590) and twice thereafter (aligned with trimester). Changes in exposure were estimated by directly comparing exposures between intervention and control arms and by using linear mixed-effect models to estimate the impact of the intervention on exposure levels.ResultsMedian exposures of PM2.5, BC, and CO post-randomization in the intervention arm were lower by 66% (70.7 versus 24.0 μg/m3), 71% (9.6 versus 2.8 μg/m3), and 83% (1.2 versus ppm), respectively, compared to the control arm. Exposure reductions were similar across research locations. Post-intervention PM2.5 exposures in the intervention arm were at the lower end of what has been reported for LPG and other clean fuel interventions, with 69% of PM2.5 samples falling below the WHO Annual Interim Target 1 of 35 μg/m3.DiscussionThis study indicates that an LPG intervention with high displacement of traditional cooking can reduce exposures to levels thought to be associated with health benefits. Success in reducing exposures was likely due to strong performance of, and high adherence to the intervention.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

Johnson

Pillarisetti

Piedrahita

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Reflecting broader innovations across sub-Saharan Africa, Kenyan businesses have highlighted the potential of pay-as-you go schemes that facilitate microtransactions for gas (19) a model that could be integrated with targeted subsidies or credit mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elsewhere, a study in Kenya focused on predicting personal exposures (Johnson et al (2021)( 19 )) reports lower estimated predicted and measured exposures among LPG users and wood users (in µg/m3): median (25 th , 75 th percentile) exposures of 29 (27-46); for wood users, they measured 182 (104, 292).…”

Section: Supplemental Information Formentioning

confidence: 99%

In praise of fossil fuel subsidies (for cooking)^‡

Gould,

Bailis,

Balakrishnan

et al. 2023

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We use three quantitative case studies to argue that ubiquitous and universal condemnation of fossil fuel subsidies is myopic and does not adequately consider subsidizing gas for cooking as a potential strategy to improve public health and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ecuador offers a view into the long-run impacts of gas subsidies, having made historical investments in subsidizing gas for cooking that led to widespread use that outpaces peer nations. We calculate that the subsidy likely averted 100,000 premature deaths with benefits that outweigh costs four to one. India successfully implemented the largest gas cooking access program in the world, but the level of subsidies provided by the government has varied. We estimate that mortality and climate benefits from maintaining varying levels of the gas subsidy between 2023-2030 will be roughly double costs. In Kenya, removing a value added tax on LPG will yield health and climate benefits that will dwarf the lost revenue by ~30x. Waiting for existing policies and momentum to move households toward near-exclusive clean fuel use forces marginalized populations to directly face the health, environmental, and socio-economic harms of traditional cooking. Rather than wait decades for development to provide clean cooking to these households, which will deepen health and energy inequities, we suggest that targeted LPG subsidies offer a solution available today and provide immediate health and climate benefits.

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“…It is further estimated that the use of polluting traditional fuels causes about 16 600 premature deaths every year, of which 4900 are children [6]. Therefore, there is need to understand the transition pathways towards clean, sustainable, and modern household energy sources which reduces the health, environmental consequences [8] and improve the energy security.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Household Energy Utilization and Changing Behaviour in Kenya: Structural Equation Modelling Approach

2022

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Knowing the determinants of household utilization and changing behaviour is an important element in understanding the pathways towards clean, sustainable and modern household energy sources. This study, therefore, examines the drivers of household energy usage and choices in Western Kenya using structural equation modelling from 560 sampled households. The research was carried out in Western Kenya (Uasin Gishu and Bungoma counties) from a target household of 663,000. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed to find standard estimate (path coefficients), standard error, critical ratios and the level of significance using AMOS version 23. SEM analysis found that education level, income, residential status, peri urbanization, house size, house composition, age and gender of the household head were the determinants of household energy choices and changing behaviour among households both for cooking. On the other hand, SEM showed that household energy choices for lighting are significantly influenced by income level, family size, location, education level, and residential status. High income and more educated households residing in peri-urban were more likely to use cleaner cooking (LPG, electricity) while lesser households living in rural areas use firewood and agricultural residues for cooking. Rural households mostly adopt solar energy for domestic use because rural areas are isolated and detached from the power grid. Though income and education are the major factors, the research finds that numerous non-income factors similarly play a key role in determining household energy utilization and changing behaviour. This study offers the understanding of improving household energy planning and designing policy and interventions in Kenya and sub-Saharan African countries.

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Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

In praise of fossil fuel subsidies (for cooking)^‡

Determinants of Household Energy Utilization and Changing Behaviour in Kenya: Structural Equation Modelling Approach

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Modeling approaches and performance for estimating personal exposure to household air pollution: A case study in Kenya

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

In praise of fossil fuel subsidies (for cooking)‡

Determinants of Household Energy Utilization and Changing Behaviour in Kenya: Structural Equation Modelling Approach

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

In praise of fossil fuel subsidies (for cooking)^‡