Fuel suitability for low temperature combustion in compression ignition engines

A study of the effect of post injection on combustion and emissions with premixing enhanced fueling strategies

“…Post injection and alternative fuel studies in compression ignition engines have been previously done by many researchers [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Numerous diesel post injection studies have been carried out to determine the effects of the post injection on soot emissions [20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

“…In this study, the post injection characterization tests were performed with traditional and alternative fuel strategies due to the potential emission benefits of alternative fuels. Oxygenated alternative fuels, such as ethanol and butanol, can be used in a dual fuel application with diesel to enable premixing enhanced combustion and can be an attractive option for the reduction of PM and NOx emissions in lean-burn compression ignition engines [18,19]. In addition, it is possible to utilize port injection of pure butanol to allow for homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) which could further reduce the particulate matter emissions.…”

Investigation of the LTC fuel performance index for oxygenated reference fuel blends

“…While strategies to use typical gasoline and diesel fuels in HCCI engines have been investigated [7,9], another option is to find new fuels or fuel blends that may offer more attractive performance. Various groups studied the operating ranges of different fuels in HCCI engines with the goal of identifying attractive species or mixtures [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The fuels studied include-but are not limited to-real fuels such as gasoline [10,11,17,[20][21][22], diesel [10,18,20], and Jet B [18].…”

“…Various groups studied the operating ranges of different fuels in HCCI engines with the goal of identifying attractive species or mixtures [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The fuels studied include-but are not limited to-real fuels such as gasoline [10,11,17,[20][21][22], diesel [10,18,20], and Jet B [18]. In addition, numerous studies focused on neat fuels and mixtures of such, including n-butane [11], neat and blends of the primary reference fuels (PRFs) n-heptane and isooctane [10-13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23], and mixtures of the PRFs with toluene [22,23] and ethanol [17,22,23] both individually and together [23].…”

“…In addition, numerous studies focused on neat fuels and mixtures of such, including n-butane [11], neat and blends of the primary reference fuels (PRFs) n-heptane and isooctane [10-13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23], and mixtures of the PRFs with toluene [22,23] and ethanol [17,22,23] both individually and together [23]. Other groups investigated the behavior of alcohols in HCCI engines, including neat butanol [20] and ethanol [20,[24][25][26]; wet ethanol also received significant attention as a neat fuel due to the potential for increased overall energy efficiency by avoiding or reducing distillation and dehydration [27][28][29]. The low reactivity of alcohols such as ethanol and methanol motivated additional research into operating HCCI engines using blends with more reactive fuels/additives such as n-heptane [30], diethyl ether [31,32], dimethyl ether [33][34][35][36], and di-tertiary butyl peroxide [37].…”