Fuel cells

Sørensen, Bent; Spazzafumo, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100708-2.00003-5

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 210 publications

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“…Among the models used are Fick’s First law, Fick’s second law, zeroth-order, first-order, second-order, Hixson–Crowell, Korsmeyer–Peppas, Wiebull, Higuchi, the Baker–Lonsdale model, the Hopfenberg model, etc. [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. This is summarized in Table 3 .…”

Section: Layered Hydroxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Nanopesticides for Plant Protection Synthesized Using the Supramolecular Chemistry of Layered Hydroxide Hosts

Zobir

Ali

Adzmi

et al. 2021

Biology

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The rapid growth in the human population has triggered increased demand for food supply, and in turn has prompted a higher amount of agrochemical usage to meet the gaps between food production and consumption. The problem with conventional agro-nanochemicals is the reduced effectiveness of the active ingredient in reaching the target, along with leaching, evaporation, etc., which ultimately affect the environment and life, including humans. Fortunately, nanotechnology platforms offer a new life for conventional pesticides, which improves bioavailability through different kinetics, mechanisms and pathways on their target organisms, thus enabling them to suitably bypass biological and other unwanted resistances and therefore increase their efficacy. This review is intended to serve the scientific community for research, development and innovation (RDI) purposes, by providing an overview on the current status of the host–guest supramolecular chemistry of nanopesticides, focusing on only the two-dimensional (2D), brucite-like inorganic layered hydroxides, layered hydroxide salts and layered double hydroxides as the functional nanocarriers or as the hosts in smart nanodelivery systems of pesticides for plant protection. Zinc layered hydroxides and zinc/aluminum-layered double hydroxides were found to be the most popular choices of hosts, presumably due to their relative ease to prepare and cheap cost. Other hosts including Mg/Al-, Co/Cr-, Mg/Fe-, Mg/Al/Fe-, Zn/Cr- and Zn/Cu-LDHs were also used. This review also covers various pesticides which were used as the guest active agents using supramolecular host–guest chemistry to combat various pests for plant protection. This looks towards a new generation of agrochemicals, “agro-nanochemicals”, which are more effective, and friendly to life, humans and the environment.

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Section: Layered Hydroxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Nanopesticides for Plant Protection Synthesized Using the Supramolecular Chemistry of Layered Hydroxide Hosts

Zobir

Ali

Adzmi

et al. 2021

Biology

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“…Liquefied hydrogen has a high storage density (0.071 kg/L), but it needs to be stored at an ultra-low temperature of 20 K and requires a high level of adiabatic capacity for the storage tank used, and the energy consumed in this process is about 25~45% of the stored hydrogen energy. Therefore, it is mostly used in the aerospace industry at present [6,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Ni-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanofibers Derived from Polyacrylonitrile/Pitch for Hydrogen Storage at Ambient Temperature

et al. 2023

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Porous carbon nanofibers doped with nickel (Ni) were successfully fabricated through electrospinning, carbonization, and CO2 activation techniques using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and petroleum pitch as carbon sources and nickel acetate as the dopant. During the activation process, Ni was reduced and dispersed in situ on the carbon matrix. The effects of Ni doping content on the morphology and structure of the carbon nanofibers were systematically investigated using SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD, Raman, and BET analyses. The experimental results revealed that the prepared materials had a hierarchically porous structure and that Ni nanoparticles played multiple roles in the preparation process, including catalyzing pore expansion and catalytic graphitization. However, particle agglomeration and fiber fracture occurred when the Ni content was high. In the adsorption/desorption experiments, the sample with 10 wt% Ni doping exhibited the highest specific surface area and micropore volume of 750.7 m2/g and 0.258 cm3/g, respectively, and had the maximum hydrogen storage capacity of 1.39 wt% at 298 K and 10 MPa. The analyses suggested that the hydrogen adsorption mechanism contributed to enhanced H2 adsorption by the spillover effect in addition to physisorption.

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“…Accordingly, hydrogen fuel cells are attracting attention as an emergency power source for power since they produce a large amount of power per unit area and are easy to install [12]. Therefore, the demand for fuel cell systems for residential buildings is increasing worldwide, and their electricity output, durability, system size, and cost for system installation and operation are becoming competitive [1,13]. Additionally, the fuel cell produces electrical energy and thermal energy through electro-chemical reactions of hydrogen and does not emit harmful substances; it only emits water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Pure Hydrogen Production Using a Fuel-Processing System Combined with a PSA System

Ko,

Lee

2023

Applied Sciences

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Research was conducted to improve the system efficiency of a fuel-processing system combined with a hydrogen-purification system to supply hydrogen to a 10 kW residential building proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The system consists of a steam-reforming reactor, a water–gas shift reactor, heat exchangers and a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system, increasing the purity of the produced hydrogen by over 99.97%. Aspen Plus® and Aspen adsorption® simulators were used to optimize operating conditions by calculating thermal efficiency and hydrogen-production yield under various temperature and pressure conditions in the reformer. To optimize the hydrogen-production system, simulations were performed under conditions of 1 to 10 atm and 600 to 1000 °C, and simulations were also performed while maintaining the PSA pressure at 9 atm. The overall system efficiency was expressed as a function of methane conversion, and the methane conversion was expressed as a function of reformer temperature and pressure. The fuel-processing system showed the highest thermal efficiency of 82.40% at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature range of 800 °C. For the combined system of a fuel-processing system and a hydrogen-purification system, the highest hydrogen-production yield was 43.17% at 800 °C and 1 atm.

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Fuel cells

Cited by 25 publications

References 210 publications

A Review on Nanopesticides for Plant Protection Synthesized Using the Supramolecular Chemistry of Layered Hydroxide Hosts

A Review on Nanopesticides for Plant Protection Synthesized Using the Supramolecular Chemistry of Layered Hydroxide Hosts

In Situ Ni-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanofibers Derived from Polyacrylonitrile/Pitch for Hydrogen Storage at Ambient Temperature

Research on Pure Hydrogen Production Using a Fuel-Processing System Combined with a PSA System

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