Frustration-affirmation? Thwarted goals motivate compliance with social norms for violence and nonviolence.

Leander, N. Pontus; Agostini, Maximilian; Stroebe, Wolfgang; Kreienkamp, Jannis; Spears, Russell; Kuppens, Toon; Zomeren, Martijn van; Otten, Sabine; Kruglanski, Arie W.

doi:10.1037/pspa0000190

Cited by 32 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(244 reference statements)

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“…Thus Stollberg et al (2017) showed that when group control (as opposed to personal control in the research of Leander and colleagues) was threatened by a terrorist attack, their student sample embraced liberal norms rejecting right-wing protest rather than jumping on this (out-group) bandwagon. Consistent with the intergroup level of the control threat, this was interpreted as a group identity influence effect, in contrast to the research by Leander et al (2020).…”

Section: Relations Between Groups and Intergroup Factors: Salience And Identity Threatmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Threats to group identity do not necessarily always result in antisocial behavior, as we saw in the research of Leander et al (2020)-this will likely depend on salient group norms. Thus Stollberg et al (2017) showed that when group control (as opposed to personal control in the research of Leander and colleagues) was threatened by a terrorist attack, their student sample embraced liberal norms rejecting right-wing protest rather than jumping on this (out-group) bandwagon.…”

Section: Relations Between Groups and Intergroup Factors: Salience And Identity Threatmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Factors associated with the individual that are ostensibly unrelated to the group level (unlike prototypicality or identification) may sometimes have group-level effects, affecting conformity to group norms. For example, recent research by Leander et al (2020) found that threatening personal control can increase conformity to both antisocial (aggressive) norms and prosocial norms, depending on which ones are normative for the group. However, this effect was not moderated by group identification, which typically provides the litmus test of whether group identity is the driving process.…”

Section: Relations Within the Ingroup And Person-level Factors: Prototypicality And Group Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Influence and Group Identity

Spears

2021

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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127

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This chapter reviews research on the group identity explanation of social influence, grounded in self-categorization theory, and contrasts it with other group-based explanations, including normative influence, interdependence, and social network approaches, as well as approaches to persuasion and influence that background group (identity) processes. Although the review primarily discusses recent research, its focus also invites reappraisal of some classic research in order to address basic questions about the scope and power of the group identity explanation. The self-categorization explanation of influence grounded in group norms, moderated by group identification, is compared and contrasted to other normative explanations of influence, notably the concept of injunctive norms and the relation to moral conviction. A range of moderating factors relating to individual variation, features of the intragroup and intergroup context, and important contextual variables (i.e., anonymity versus visibility, isolation versus copresence) that are particularly relevant to online influence in the new media are also reviewed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 72 is January 4, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Section: Relations Between Groups and Intergroup Factors: Salience And Identity Threatmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Relations Between Groups and Intergroup Factors: Salience And Identity Threatmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Relations Within the Ingroup And Person-level Factors: Prototypicality And Group Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Influence and Group Identity

Spears

2021

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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127

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“…Theories of intergroup conflict similarly suggest that in rigid intergroup contexts, disempowered people are motivated to elevate their (collective) self-esteem through outgroup derogation and in-group bias (19,20). Research in motivation science links such processes to frustrated psychological needs, which are often more symbolic than materialistic (21)(22)(23)(24)(25).…”

Section: Prejudice and Nationalism As Means To An Endmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, both kinds of threat are related to in-group identification and prejudice (47), but whereas realistic threat is rooted in material concerns about Hispanic immigrants stealing jobs and increasing crime, symbolic threat is rooted in intangible concerns about group identity, differences in culture, and which group is "best" (13,47,48). The significance quest theory assumes that support for violent extremism is often motivated by symbolic concerns rather than material concerns (7,25,27), and thus, the effects of disempowerment should run through symbolic threat and not realistic threat.…”

Section: Study 3: El Paso Walmart Shooting/dayton Bar Shootingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biased hate crime perceptions can reveal supremacist sympathies

Leander

Kreienkamp

Agostini

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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People may be sympathetic to violent extremism when it serves their own interests. Such support may manifest itself via biased recognition of hate crimes. Psychological surveys were conducted in the wakes of mass shootings in the United States, New Zealand, and the Netherlands (total n = 2,332), to test whether factors that typically predict endorsement of violent extremism also predict biased hate crime perceptions. Path analyses indicated a consistent pattern of motivated judgment: hate crime perceptions were directly biased by prejudicial attitudes and indirectly biased by an aggrieved sense of disempowerment and White/Christian nationalism. After the shooting at a synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, disempowerment-fueled anti-Semitism predicted lower perceptions that the gunman was motivated by hatred and prejudice (study 1). After the shootings that occurred at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, disempowerment-fueled Islamoprejudice similarly predicted lower hate crime perceptions (study 2a). Conversely, after the tram shooting in Utrecht, Netherlands (which was perpetrated by a Turkish-born immigrant), disempowerment-fueled Islamoprejudice predicted higher hate crime perceptions (study 2b). Finally, after the Walmart shooting in El Paso, Texas, hate crime perceptions were specifically biased by an ethnonationalist view of Hispanic immigrants as a symbolic (rather than realistic) threat to America; that is, disempowered individuals deemphasized likely hate crimes due to symbolic concerns about cultural supremacy rather than material concerns about jobs or crime (study 3). Altogether, biased hate crime perceptions can be purposive and reveal supremacist sympathies.

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Frustration–aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest

Kruglanski

Ellenberg

Szumowska

et al. 2023

Aggressive Behavior

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One of the oldest scientific theories of human aggression is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, advanced in 1939. Although this theory has received considerable empirical support and is alive and well today, its underlying mechanisms have not been adequately explored. In this article, we examine major findings and concepts from extant psychological research on hostile aggression and offer an integrative conception: aggression is a primordial means for establishing one's sense of significance and mattering, thus addressing a fundamental social-psychological need. Our functional portrayal of aggression as a means to significance yields four testable hypotheses: (1) frustration will elicit hostile aggression proportionately to the extent that the frustrated goal serves the individual's need for significance, (2) the impulse to aggress in response to significance loss will be enhanced in conditions that limit the individual's ability to reflect and engage in extensive information processing (that may bring up alternative, socially condoned means to significance), (3) significance-reducing frustration will elicit hostile aggression unless the impulse to aggress is substituted by a nonaggressive means of significance restoration, (4) apart from significance loss, an opportunity for significance gain can increase the impulse to aggress. These hypotheses are supported by extant data as well as novel research findings in real-world contexts. They have important implications for understanding human aggression and the conditions under which it is likely to be manifested and reduced.

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Frustration-affirmation? Thwarted goals motivate compliance with social norms for violence and nonviolence.

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Cited by 32 publications

References 141 publications

Social Influence and Group Identity

Social Influence and Group Identity

Biased hate crime perceptions can reveal supremacist sympathies

Frustration–aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest

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