Fruit productivity of Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) along a climatic gradient in Chile

Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica; Balzarini, Mónica; Álvarez-Contreras, Andrea; Delard-Rodríguez, Claudia; Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M.

doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.04.011

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…They also pointed out that non-productive areas located at altitudes below 500 m were identifiable by a thermal oscillation of 22°C and a higher frequency of days with temperatures below 10°C , early and late frosts, high relative humidity, and fog. Annual rainfall in the third year prior to harvest time (AR) had a positive impact on CW, as also reported by Loewe-Muñoz et al (2016). AR showing inter-annual variation has also been positively related to cone yield (Loewe-Muñoz et al 2020).…”

Section: Cone Traitssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The most significant limiting factors to annual cone yield appeared to be water stress during different stages of cone development and the negative effect of hot midsummers on cone setting (Mutke et al 2005). Loewe-Muñoz et al (2016) suggested that the selection of sites for fruiting should ensure minimum average spring temperatures above 7°C, annual and autumn thermal oscillations below 12°C, and a high spring rainfall, except during the male flowering period. In the final year, losses in seed yield (with up to 50% of the seeds being empty) have been reported from Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Turkey (Mutke et al 2014), but in Chilean plantations, the percentage of damaged/empty seeds was relatively very low, at around 9% (Loewe-Muñoz et al 2019).…”

Section: Cone Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have assessed cone and seed morphology of conifer populations regarding geographic and climatic variation (Şefik 1964;Kaya and Işık 1997;Mutke et al 2005;Liu et al 2013;Loewe-Muñoz et al 2020). Climatic variables such as annual and autumn thermal oscillation, spring hydric index, and spring and summer precipitation are directly linked with cone production Loewe-Muñoz et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stone pine is characterized by high phenotypic plasticity and adaptability, but low genetic variability (Loewe-Muñoz et al 2016). Genetic variation is generally considered to be an important adaptation to environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats

2020

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Background Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is harvested for its edible kernels. It is an important forest tree species, and also plays an important role in afforestation. Successful afforestation activities strongly depend on the quality of seeds and seedlings. Five eastern native populations of stone pine were analyzed, in terms of their geographical and climatic parameters, in order to identify their cone, seed, pine nut, and seedling traits. With this regard, we aimed to contribute to the reforestation, yield, and breeding of this species. Results All native populations occur in the sub-humid bioclimatic zone, according to Emberger’s bioclimatic classification, ranging 74.7–63.2 of Emberger’s Q Index value (Q), which synthesizes humidity and temperature, with lower values indicating more arid conditions. With regard to geographical factors, altitude was found to have the greatest effect on cone diameter and seed weight, while there was a weak correlation of cone, seed, and pine nut dimension with longitude and latitude. In terms of climatic factors, Q and mean of the maximum temperature of June, July, and August (ME) were found to be the main drivers behind significant effects in cone, seed, and pine nut morphometric traits. The most negative effect on seed number cone−1 (r: − 0.897), pine nut number cone−1 (r: − 0.923), pine nut yield (r: − 0.903), and pine nut weight (r: − 0.878) was Q, whereas cone diameter, seed length, and seed weight were positively correlated with the ME (r: 0.939, r: 0.889, and r: 0.866, respectively). Cone and seed diameter and seed weight increased with decreasing summer drought index (r: − 0.806, r: − 0.846, and r: − 0.866, respectively). Rainfall in the June of the third year prior to harvest time (RJ) had a negative effect on the percentage of sound seeds per cone. Annual rainfall in the third year prior to harvest time (AR) significantly affected pine nut weight (r: 0.889), although rainfall during summer had a negative effect. The empty seed ratio of the different populations ranged from 20 to 68%, while considering all populations, the empty seed ratio was 46%. Conclusions The study suggests that the Q Index and ME should be taken into account to determine cone to pine nut yield. With this regard, plantations of stone pine should be established on sub-humid areas and Q values should not exceed 75.

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Section: Cone Traitssupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Cone Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats

2020

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“…Pine nut seeds were collected from June to November 2013, in three selected Chilean geographical growth macrozones (Loewe, Balzarini, Álvarez-Contreras, Delard, & Navarro-Cerrillo, 2016). The samples were gathered from P. pinea L. plantations, windbreaks, groves, and isolated trees.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition of pine nut (Pinus pineaL.) grown in three geographical macrozones in Chile

Lutz

Álvarez

Loewe³

2016

CyTA - Journal of Food

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Mediterranean pine nuts are recognized for their high nutritional value and healthy benefits. The aim of the study was to analyze the composition of pine nuts harvested from Pinus pinea L. across three different geographic macrozones in Chile. Proximate analysis, minerals, fatty acid composition, phytosterols, tocopherols, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity were determined. The major component was fat (422.5±3.3-469.2±0.7 g/kg), followed by protein (320.0±1.4-352.5±1.0 g/kg). The predominant phytosterol was β-sitosterol (average 18,177.7±763.8 µg/kg oil), and the main vitamin E isomer was γ-tocopherol (average 1071.1±109.8 µg/kg oil). Phenolics reached an average of 0.34±0.05 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. Vitamin C and ORAC exhibited an average of 27.7±1.4 mg/kg and 8.54+0.03 µmol Trolox equivalents/g, respectively. Linoleic was the most abundant fatty acid, followed by oleic acid. The chemical composition of pine nuts harvested in different macrozones reveals good nutritional properties and potential health benefits. Composición química del piñón de pino (Pinus pinea L.) cultivado en tres macrozonas geográficas de Chile RESUMEN El piñón de pino mediterráneo es reconocido por su elevado valor nutricional y saludable. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la composición de piñones de Pinus pinea L. cultivados en tres macrozonas geográficas de Chile. Se realizó análisis proximal, minerales, composición de ácidos grasos, fitoesteroles, tocoferoles, vitamina C, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante. El principal componente fue grasa (422.5±3.3 a 469.2±0.7 g/kg), seguida de proteína (320.9±1.4 a 352.5±1.0 g/kg). El fitoesterol predominante fue β-sitosterol (promedio 18,177.7±763.8 µg/kg aceite), y el principal isómero de vitamina E fue γ-tocoferol (promedio 1071.1±109.8 µg/kg aceite). Los polifenoles alcanzaron un promedio de 0.34±0.05 mg GAE/g. La vitamina C y ORAC fueron 27.7 ±1.4 mg/kg y 8.54±0.03 µmol TE/g, respectivamente. El ácido graso más abundante fue el linoleico, seguido del oleico. La composición química de piñones de pino cultivados en diferentes macrozonas chilenas muestra buenas propiedades nutricionales y potenciales beneficios saludables.

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Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.): an interesting species for agroforestry in Chile

Loewe¹,

Delard²

2017

Agroforest Syst

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Fruit productivity of Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) along a climatic gradient in Chile

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats

Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats

Chemical composition of pine nut (Pinus pineaL.) grown in three geographical macrozones in Chile

Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.): an interesting species for agroforestry in Chile

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