Fruit and Seed Chemistry, Biomass and Dispersal

Waldhoff, Danielle; Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8725-6_12

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Other environmental variables, however, may also potentially contribute as proximate triggers (Parolin et al . ). Indeed, the role of water stress may not be as important as the seasonality of daily insolation, with this mechanism of photoperiod control now recognized as a factor triggering leaf flush and flowering, even in tropical forests near the equator (Borchert et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…, Parolin et al . ). This is shown by the variation in phenological schedules between plants with different seed dispersal syndromes, where fruiting events in wind‐dispersed species in várzea forest appears more closely related to the dry season than to the flood pulse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…), várzea forests are one of the most poorly studied Amazonian forest types (Parolin et al . ). In particular, few quantitative assessments of community‐wide plant phenology are available, with most studies located in close proximity to Manaus and focusing on a select few tree species (Table S1).…”

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confidence: 97%

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Patterns of plant phenology in Amazonian seasonally flooded and unflooded forests

Hawes

Peres

2016

Biotropica

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Few studies have successfully monitored community‐wide phenological patterns in seasonally flooded Amazonian várzea forests, where a prolonged annual flood pulse arguably generates the greatest degree of seasonality of any low‐latitude ecosystem on Earth. We monitored the vegetative and reproductive plant phenology of várzea (VZ) floodplain and adjacent terra firme (TF) forests within two contiguous protected areas in western Brazilian Amazonia, using three complementary methods: monthly canopy observations of 1056 individuals (TF: 556, VZ: 500), twice monthly collections from 0.5‐m2 litterfall traps within two 100‐ha plots (1 TF, 1 VZ; 96 traps per plot), and monthly ground surveys of residual fruit‐fall along transect‐grids within each 100‐ha plot (12 km per plot). Surveys encompassed the entire annual flood cycle and employed a floating trap design to cope with fluctuating water levels. Phenology patterns were generally similar in both forest types. Leaffall peaked during the aquatic phase in várzea forest and the dry season in terra firme. Flowering typically followed leaffall and leaf flush, extending into the onset of the terrestrial phase and rainy season in várzea and terra firme, respectively. Abiotic seed dispersal modes were relatively more prevalent in várzea than terra firme; the main contrast in fruiting seasonality was more likely a result of differences in community composition and relative abundance of seed dispersal modes than differences within individual genera. We emphasize the difficulty in distinguishing the role of the flood pulse from other seasonal environmental variables without multiannual data or spatially replicated studies across the spectrum of Amazonian forest types.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Patterns of plant phenology in Amazonian seasonally flooded and unflooded forests

Hawes

Peres

2016

Biotropica

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“…In shallow waters, such as flooded tropical forests, high frequency components of such sounds would be predicted to carry further from the sound source than lower frequency components that may not carry far because of their longer wavelengths (Rogers & Cox, ). Further, a variety of herbivorous and omnivorous serrasalmids consume falling fruits and seeds (Horn et al, ) and there are numerous accounts that indicate the sound of falling fruits may attract frugivorous serrasalmids (Correa, Winemiller, López‐Fernández, & Galetti, ; Gottsberger, ; Parolin, Waldhoff, & Piedade, ; Piedade, Parolin, & Junk, ). It is not known, however, how these fishes detect the sounds of these events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative size variation of the otoliths, swim bladder, and Weberian apparatus structures in piranhas and pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with different ecologies and its implications for the detection of sound stimuli

Boyle¹,

Herrel²

2018

Journal of Morphology

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The Weberian apparatus of otophysan fishes confers acute hearing that is hypothesized to allow these fishes to assess the environment and to find food resources. The otophysan family Serrasalmidae (piranhas and pacus) includes species known to feed on falling fruits and seeds (frugivore/granivores) that splash in rivers, herbivorous species associated with torrents and rapids (rheophiles), and carnivores that feed aggressively within shoals. Relevant sound stimuli may vary among these ecological groups and hearing may be tuned to different cues among species.In this context, we examined size variation of the Weberian ossicles, swim bladder chambers, and otoliths of 20 serrasalmid species from three broad feeding ecologies: frugivore/granivores, rheophiles, and carnivores. We performed 3D-reconstructions of high resolution tomographic data (μCT) from 54 museum specimens to estimate the size of these elements. We then tested for an ecology effect on covariation of auditory structure size and body size and accounted for phylogeny with phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses. Among ecological groups, we observed differences in relative sizes of otoliths associated with sound pressure and particle motion detection, and variation in Weberian ossicle size that may impact sound transmission.Rheophiles, which live in noisy environments, possess the strongest modifications of these structures. K E Y W O R D Sasteriscus, intercalarium, lapillus, sagitta, scaphium, tripus

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“…Variation in habitat and feeding behaviour may require a larger role of certain sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing. For example, there is anecdotal evidence that splash sounds associated with falling seeds and fruits may be attractive to some fruit-eating serrasalmids (Gottsberger, 1978;Piedade et al, 2006;Correa et al, 2007;Parolin et al, 2010) and carnivorous piranhas are reported to be attracted to splashing sounds from wounded prey and the feeding activities of other piranhas (Markl, 1972;Stabentheiner, 1988;Mol, 2006). In contrast, rheophilic herbivorous serrasalmids probably live in a noisier environment and their diet of submerged aquatic plants may not be associated with an acoustic stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocranium shape variation of piranhas and pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) in association with ecology and phylogeny

Boyle¹,

Herrel²

2018

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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The teleost neurocranium houses the brain and sense organs, articulates with the upper jaw and suspensorium, and provides the attachment site for muscles involved in feeding, ventilation and locomotion. Serrasalmid fishes (piranhas and pacus) exhibit variation in diet, body shape and habitat that all may influence the evolution of neurocranium shape. In addition, serrasalmids are otophysans with well-developed hearing provided by modified ears and anterior vertebrae that may also influence otic neurocranium morphology. We conducted a 3D geometric morphometrics analysis on high-resolution tomographic data (micro-computed tomography) from 54 museum specimens to measure neurocranium shape variation and disparity among 20 species from the three major serrasalmid clades. We found broad shape variation among species that was explained by phylogenetic history and ecology and related to features such as orbit size and skull depth. Pterotic spine length was longest in carnivorous piranhas and impacts the anatomy of the adductor musculature involved in biting. We found evidence that the otic neurocranium is a separate evolutionary module influenced by both phylogeny and ecology. Lagenar bulla size and position differed among ecological groups and thus sound may vary in importance among species. Small bullae were found in rheophilic herbivores that live among noisy rapids. Thus, serrasalmid neurocranium shape may vary with the relative size of sense organs and with functional aspects of feeding and prey handling.

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Fruit and Seed Chemistry, Biomass and Dispersal

Cited by 24 publications

References 45 publications

Patterns of plant phenology in Amazonian seasonally flooded and unflooded forests

Patterns of plant phenology in Amazonian seasonally flooded and unflooded forests

Relative size variation of the otoliths, swim bladder, and Weberian apparatus structures in piranhas and pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with different ecologies and its implications for the detection of sound stimuli

Neurocranium shape variation of piranhas and pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) in association with ecology and phylogeny

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