Frontier Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Current Approaches of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes

Abstract

Exosomes are effective therapeutic vehicles that may transport their substances across cells. They are shown to possess the capacity to affect cell proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis, anti-scarring, and angiogenesis, via the action of transporting molecular components. Possessing immense potential in regenerative medicine, exosomes, especially stem cell-derived exosomes, have the advantages of low immunogenicity, minimal invasiveness, and broad clinical applicability. Exosome biodistribution and pharmacokinetics may be altered, in response to recent advancements in technology, for the purpose of treating particular illnesses. Yet, prior to clinical application, it is crucial to ascertain the ideal dose and any potential negative consequences of an exosome. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes and further illustrates the molecular mechanisms that underpin their potential in musculoskeletal regeneration, wound healing, female infertility, cardiac recovery, immunomodulation, neurological disease, and metabolic regulation. In addition, we provide a summary of the currently effective techniques for isolating exosomes, and describe the innovations in biomaterials that improve the efficacy of exosome-based treatments. Overall, this paper provides an updated overview of the biological factors found in stem cell-derived exosomes, as well as potential targets for future cell-free therapeutic applications.

Cartilage: Structure, Function, and the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

“…Techniques like ultracentrifugation and precipitation are commonly employed, ensuring the enrichment of exosomal cargo. Direct exosome administration promotes chondroprotection, reducing inflammation and inhibiting cartilage degradation [83]. Encapsulation of exosomes in biomaterial scaffolds augments their release profile, enhancing their therapeutic effects [82,83].…”

“…Direct exosome administration promotes chondroprotection, reducing inflammation and inhibiting cartilage degradation [83]. Encapsulation of exosomes in biomaterial scaffolds augments their release profile, enhancing their therapeutic effects [82,83]. Exosome therapy circumvents challenges associated with cell-based therapies, such as immune responses and potential tumorigenicity.…”

Small extracellular vesicles: a novel drug delivery system for neurodegenerative disorders

“…Usually, sEVs injections require strict dose calculation and control, with individualized adjustments based on individual differences in patient weight, age, and condition. In addition, sEVs treatment also requires rigorous safety assessment and monitoring to ensure treatment efficacy and safety ( Chen et al, 2023 ). To ensure the safe and effective clinical use of sEVs for treating major diseases, their safety and long-term effects should be further explored.…”