Fronthaul-Constrained Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Low Resolution ADCs

Abstract

In cell-free massive MIMO networks, a large number of distributed access points (APs) provide service to a much smaller number of mobile stations (MSs) over the same time/frequency resources. The key idea is to use a central processing unit (CPU) to manage such a densely populated network of APs. This centralization helps reducing operational costs and eases implementation of joint power control and coherent signal processing through a proper orchestration of the functional split between the CPU and the APs. Cell-free massive MIMO networks, however, are often subject to stringent capacity requirements on the fronthaul links connecting the APs to the CPU and thus, low-resolution ADCs must be used to quantize the signals shared among CPU and APs. In this paper, analytical closed-form expressions for the achievable user rates on both the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) of a fronthaul-capacity constrained cell-free massive MIMO network using low-resolution ADCs are obtained. These expressions, jointly with the use of theoretical models characterizing the fronthaul capacity consumption of different CPU-AP functional splits, allow posing max-min fairness power control optimization problems that can be solved using standard convex optimization algorithms. Numerical results show that, under fronthaul capacity constraints, CPU-AP functional splits where the precoding/decoding schemes are implemented at the APs are clearly outperformed by those functional splits in which, thanks to sharing CSI among APs and CPU, the precoding/decoding functions are implemented at the CPU. In contrast, if the limiting factor is the resolution of the ADCs used to quantize the samples to be transmitted on the fronthaul links, the preferred CPU-AP functional splits are those in which the baseband processing is performed at the APs. Moreover, they also reveal that in such functional splits there is always an optimal range of values of the UL fronthaul capacity fraction allocated to share the CSI. INDEX TERMS Cell-free massive MIMO, capacity-constrained fronthaul, normalized conjugate beamforming, matched filtering, CPU-AP functional split, low-resolution ADCs.

Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Finite Fronthaul Capacity: A Stochastic Geometry Perspective

“…In [16], the authors study the performance of a cellfree network with hardware impairments where the authors compare the performance of three transmission strategies between the BBU and the APs through finite capacity links. The uplink and downlink performance of fronthaul constrained cell-free network with low resolutions ADCs is studied in [17]. Note that most of these works focus on traditional cell-free architecture where all the APs serve each user in the network.…”

New Insights on Channel Hardening in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks

“…• Non-ideal hardware [47][48][49][50]: Several assumptions are made when addressing a CF massive MIMO system. From unlimited and error free fronthaul links to ideal analog-digital converters.…”

Cell-Free Massive MIMO : Scalability, Signal Processing and Power Control

“…Uplink processing MMSE [59,124,145,146] ZF [147] Power allocation and load balancing [148] Max-min power control [149] Pilot power control [150] Sequential linear MMSE [120] mmWave Limited fronthaul capacity [151] Power control [152] Channel modeling [153] Energy efficiency [154] Energy Efficiency [116,132,[155][156][157] Imperfect Fronthaul [158][159][160][161][162][163][164] Low Resolution ADCs [163,[165][166][167] Hardware Impairments [164,[168][169][170] Non-orthogonal [171][172][173][174][175] Multiple Access…”