Front Metal Finger Inhomogeneity: Its Influence on Optimization and on the Cell Efficiency Distribution in Production Lines

Chen, Y.; Yang, Yingguo; Deng, Weiwei; Ali, Akhtar; Verlinden, Pierre J.; Altermatt, P.P.

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.078

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The defining parameters are the width w 0 , height h 0 , and factor a of the curvature, which is higher and closer to a rectangular shape . The fit function (lines), Equation , fits the measurements well.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The defining parameters are the width w 0 , height h 0 , and factor a of the curvature, which is higher and closer to a rectangular shape. 31 The fit function (lines), Equation 1, fits the measurements well. Factor a = 3.4, which is obtained with a DP rear Al grid is larger than curvature a = 2.2 of a normal rear screen printing rear Al grid, 31,32 which means a higher aspect ratio of the DP rear Al electrode.…”

Section: Analysis Of Electrical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…31 The fit function (lines), Equation 1, fits the measurements well. Factor a = 3.4, which is obtained with a DP rear Al grid is larger than curvature a = 2.2 of a normal rear screen printing rear Al grid, 31,32 which means a higher aspect ratio of the DP rear Al electrode. caused by a larger pulse-energy density to achieve a low R sh of the highly doped area.…”

Section: Analysis Of Electrical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Efficiency enhancement of bifacial PERC solar cells with laser‐doped selective emitter and double‐screen‐printed Al grid

Zhang

Zheng

et al. 2018

Progress in Photovoltaics

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We report that the application of a laser‐doped selective emitter (SE) can improve the trade‐off between the recombination in the emitter and the Ag‐Si specific contact resistance and that a double‐screen‐printed rear aluminum grid can decrease the series resistance in the industrial bifacial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC). Our results reveal that a front‐side efficiency of 21.9% can be achieved in the PERC (SE)+ solar cell by using low surface‐recombination Al2O3/SiNx films as passivation layers, low‐recombination emitter, and low resistive Ag‐Si contact with an optimized sheet resistance of the lightly doped area of SE with 125Ω/sq and sheet resistance of the highly doped area of SE with 70 Ω/sq. The highest front‐side efficiency of 22.0%, with open‐circuit voltage of 680 mV, short‐circuit current density of 40.1 mA/cm2, and fill factors of 80.8%, is obtained by using double‐screen‐printed rear Al grid process, which is 0.1% higher than the best PERC (SE)+ solar cell. The rear‐side double‐layer antireflection coating consists of 50 nm SiNx:H (n = 2.1) and 10 nm SiNx:H (n = 2.37), which enables a large bifacial gain with the output power density PMPP of 25.5 mW/cm2 in the PERC (SE)+ solar cell by using double‐screen‐printed rear Al grid process when rear‐side illumination intensity Erear = 0.25 suns.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Analysis Of Electrical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Analysis Of Electrical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 87%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Efficiency enhancement of bifacial PERC solar cells with laser‐doped selective emitter and double‐screen‐printed Al grid

Zhang

Zheng

et al. 2018

Progress in Photovoltaics

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“…Using silver screen‐printed fingers for TOPCon and SHJ will not be feasible if also requiring silver busbars and tabbing regions 37 . Even for PERC, a 5‐mg/W goal may impose challenges with reliability due to finger breakages with the small cross‐sectional areas required 37,47 . Modified interconnection approaches to reduce silver consumption could also potentially introduce new material challenges such as bismuth 37 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…37 Even for PERC, a 5-mg/W goal may impose challenges with reliability due to finger breakages with the small cross-sectional areas required. 37,47 Modified interconnection approaches to reduce silver consumption could also potentially introduce new material challenges such as bismuth. 37 To reduce the impact of global PV deployment on silver reserves, we must increase R&D investment for innovation with silver-lean PV technologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The silver learning curve for photovoltaics and projected silver demand for net‐zero emissions by 2050

Hallam

Kim

Zhang

et al. 2022

Progress in Photovoltaics

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The clean energy transition could see the cumulative installed capacity of photovoltaics increase from 1 TW before the end of 2022 to 15-60 TW by 2050, creating a significant silver demand risk. Here, we present a silver learning curve for the photovoltaic industry with a learning rate of 20.3 ± 0.8%. Maintaining business as usual with a dominance of p-type technology could require over 20% of the current annual silver supply by 2027 and a cumulative 450-520 kt of silver until 2050, approximately 85-98% of the current global silver reserves. A rapid transition to higher efficiency tunnel oxide passivated contact and silicon heterojunction cell technologies in their present silver-intensive forms could increase and accelerate silver demand. As we approach annual production capacities of over 1 TW by 2030, addressing the silver issue requires increased efforts in research and development to increase the silver learning rate by 30%, with existing silver-lean and silver-free metallisation approaches including copper plating and screen-printing of aluminium and copper.

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Performance and energy loss mechanism of bifacial photovoltaic modules at a solar carport system

Hwang

Kang

Lee

2023

Energy Science & Engineering

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As photovoltaic modules are increasingly used in renewable energy systems, ensuring energy efficiency by reducing the levelized cost of electricity has become the focus of current research. Herein, the 1‐year performances of both monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic modules were monitored, compared, and analyzed at a solar carport system in the Korean peninsula. The environmental parameters during the four seasons were investigated for both systems under ambient conditions. Irradiance was determined as the primary influencing parameter in the system. The energy yield of the bifacial module system was 3.08% higher than that of the monofacial system owing to rear‐side absorption during the study period. The loss mechanism for this lower yield was determined by investigating the irradiance effect. It was attributed to low bifaciality due to cell properties (optical and electrical properties, and the sorting effect) and module properties (shading effects from the junction box cable and frame design, and glass grid effect), design of the carport system, and the albedo effect. These analyses revealed that the photovoltaic energy yield can be increased further by reducing these loss parameters at the carport system. This study can contribute to achieving higher energy yield from photovoltaic systems during field applications.

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Front Metal Finger Inhomogeneity: Its Influence on Optimization and on the Cell Efficiency Distribution in Production Lines

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Efficiency enhancement of bifacial PERC solar cells with laser‐doped selective emitter and double‐screen‐printed Al grid

Efficiency enhancement of bifacial PERC solar cells with laser‐doped selective emitter and double‐screen‐printed Al grid

The silver learning curve for photovoltaics and projected silver demand for net‐zero emissions by 2050

Performance and energy loss mechanism of bifacial photovoltaic modules at a solar carport system

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