From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review

Salines, Morgane; Andraud, Mathieu; Rose, Nicolas

doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0436-3

Cited by 129 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(149 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

141

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This is of specific interest since “Nustrale” pigs reach the slaughter weight (100–130 kg) at the age of 15 to 18, or even 24 months, i.e. in a period when HEV infection is less frequently encountered compared with younger pigs (Salines, Andraud, & Rose, ). Accordingly, food products issued from “Nustrale” pigs have the potential to be less frequently contaminated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drastic decline of hepatitis E virus detection in domestic pigs after the age of 6 months, Corsica, France

Capai

Maestrini

Casabianca

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Suidae is an important reservoir of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and a source of transmission to humans (direct contact or via consumption of meat products). Our goal was to characterize the epidemiology of HEV infecting domestic pigs in Corsica Island, a French region hyperendemic for HEV. In Corsica, traditional extensive (or semi‐extensive) outdoor pig farming system is common. Sixteen farms were selected according to location and breeding system. Individual pig faeces samples were collected and qRT‐PCR for detecting HEV RNA was performed. Nucleic acids from HEV‐positive samples were amplified using specific ORF2 genotyping system. The genotype and subtype of the Corsican HEV sequences were determined by phylogenetic analysis. Among the 919 porcine faeces samples tested 9.2% (n = 85) were positive. The presence of viral RNA was correlated with (a) age (>6 months) Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) 0.25 [0.068–0.90] p = .032; 3–4 months AOR = 4.94 [2.30–10.62] p = .000043) with the logistic regression model with a random effect at the farm level. Among the 85 positive samples, 83 belonged to genotype 3c and two to genotype 3f. The highest prevalence was observed in the 3–4 months age group and older age (>6 months) was negatively related to HEV infection and this suggests that traditional breeding with a late slaughter age may limit the risk of transmission to humans. A kinetic study of pigs from birth to slaughtering would allow to ensure that the type of traditional breeding reported here is very favourable to the absence of the virus in slaughtered pigs and in pork products.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drastic decline of hepatitis E virus detection in domestic pigs after the age of 6 months, Corsica, France

Capai

Maestrini

Casabianca

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, while the genotype of HEV circulating in people in the UK is HEV G3 subgroup 2, HEV in British pigs is mainly HEV G3 subgroup 1 (Ijaz et al, ). Thus, most human infections in the UK appear to be either from imported pork products (Said et al, ; Salines, Andraud, & Rose, ) or there may be an alternative zoonotic source such as peri‐domestic wildlife.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First detection of Hepatitis E virus (Orthohepevirus C) in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Great Britain

Murphy

Williams

Jennings

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the United Kingdom, there has been an increase in the number of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in people annually since 2010. Most of these are thought to be indigenously acquired Orthohepevirus A genotype 3 (HEV G3), which has been linked to pork production and consumption. However, the dominant subgroup circulating in British pigs differs from that which is found in people; therefore, an alternative, potentially zoonotic, source is suspected as a possible cause of these infections. Rodents, brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in particular, have been shown to carry HEV, both the swine HEV G3 genotype and Orthohepevirus C, genotype C1 (rat HEV). To investigate the prevalence of HEV in British rodents, liver tissue was taken from 307 rodents collected from pig farms (n = 12) and other locations (n = 10). The RNA from these samples was extracted and tested using a pan‐HEV nested RT‐PCR. Limited histopathology was also performed. In this study, 8/61 (13%, 95% CI, 5–21) of brown rat livers were positive for HEV RNA. Sequencing of amplicons demonstrated all infections to be rat HEV with 87%–92% nucleotide identity to other rat HEV sequences circulating within Europe and China (224 nt ORF‐1). Lesions and necrosis were observed histologically in 2/3 samples examined. No rat HEV RNA was detected in any other species, and no HEV G3 RNA was detected in any rodent in this study. This is the first reported detection of rat HEV in Great Britain. A human case of rat HEV infection has recently been reported in Asia, suggesting that rat HEV could pose a risk to public health.

show abstract

“…SB is an economically important disease of domestic pigs that can also be transmitted to humans and cattle (Olsen & Tatum, ). HEV has recently emerged as an important human health threat, as it is transmitted among humans and swine (Salines, Andraud, & Rose, ). PRRS is an important cause of late‐term reproductive losses, severe pneumonia, and increased mortality of domestic pigs with an estimated annual loss of $664 million to the US domestic swine industry (Holtkamp et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models

Tabak

Pedersen

Miller

2019

Ecology and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals, wildlife, and humans. Pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals that are not infected). The invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa, also referred to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread hosts of domestic animal and human pathogens in North America. We developed hierarchical Bayesian models that account for imperfect detection to estimate the seroprevalence of five pathogens (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, Influenza A virus in swine, Hepatitis E virus, and Brucella spp.) in wild pigs in the United States using a dataset of over 50,000 samples across nine years. To assess the effect of incorporating detection error in models, we also evaluated models that ignored detection error. Both sets of models included effects of demographic parameters on seroprevalence. We compared our predictions of seroprevalence to 40 published studies, only one of which accounted for imperfect detection. We found a range of seroprevalence among the pathogens with a high seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus, indicating significant risk to livestock and wildlife. Demographics had mostly weak effects, indicating that other variables may have greater effects in predicting seroprevalence. Models that ignored detection error led to different predictions of seroprevalence as well as different inferences on the effects of demographic parameters. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating detection error in models of seroprevalence and demonstrate that ignoring such error may lead to erroneous conclusions about the risk associated with pathogen transmission. When using opportunistic sampling data to model seroprevalence and evaluate risk factors, detection error should be included.

show abstract

From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review

Cited by 129 publications

References 138 publications

Drastic decline of hepatitis E virus detection in domestic pigs after the age of 6 months, Corsica, France

Drastic decline of hepatitis E virus detection in domestic pigs after the age of 6 months, Corsica, France

First detection of Hepatitis E virus (Orthohepevirus C) in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Great Britain

Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About