From Solid‐Solution Electrodes and the Rocking‐Chair Concept to Today's Batteries

Zhang, Heng; Li, Chunmei; Eshetu, Gebrekidan Gebresilassie; Laruelle, Stéphane; Grugeon, Sylvie; Zaghib, Karim; Julien, C.; Mauger, A.; Guyomard, Dominique; Rojo, Teófilo; Gisbert‐Trejo, Nuria; Passerini, Stefano; Huang, Xuejie; Zhou, Zhibin; Johansson, Patrik; Forsyth, Maria

doi:10.1002/anie.201913923

Cited by 141 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Using lithium metal anode was the natural choice in the community during 1970s to 1980s for its high-energy advantage despite its high reactivity and dendrites issues. Calling out to use different intercalation materials for cathode and anode by Armand 2,3 or replacing lithium metal by petroleum coke by Yoshino 5 , while seemingly divergent to the pursuit of high energy batteries, proved necessary steps toward the commercialization of rechargeable Li-ion batteries. These developments encourage us to be open-minded and dare to challenge the existing wisdom for disruptive innovation in battery designs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries

2020

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The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino for their contributions in the development of lithium-ion batteries, a technology that has revolutionized our way of life. Here we look back at the milestone discoveries that have shaped the modern lithium-ion batteries for inspirational insights to guide future breakthroughs. The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and are the technology of choice for electric vehicles. They also have a key role to play in enabling deeper penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources in power systems for a more sustainable future. A modern lithium-ion battery consists of two electrodes, typically lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2) cathode and graphite (C 6) anode, separated by a porous separator immersed in a nonaqueous liquid electrolyte using LiPF 6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and at least one linear carbonate selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and many additives. During charging, Li-ions move from the LiCoO 2 lattice structure to the anode side to form lithiated graphite (LiC 6). During discharging, these ions move back to the CoO 2 host framework, while electrons are released to the external circuit. It is this shuttling process or what is called rocking-chair chemistry that has revolutionized our modern life. Materials discoveries Anode. Lithium metal is the lightest metal and possesses a high specific capacity (3.86 Ah g −1) and an extremely low electrode potential (−3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), rendering it an ideal anode material for high-voltage and high-energy batteries. However, the electrochemical potential of Li + /Li lies above the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of practically known non-aqueous electrolytes, leading to continuous electrolyte reduction unless a passivating solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is formed 1. The SEI is susceptible to damage and repairs nonuniformly on the surface of lithium metal owing to the large volume change and high reactivity of lithium metal, leading to dendrite growth, which could cause cell to short-circuit and catch fire (Fig. 1a). To avoid safety issues of lithium metal, Armand suggested to construct Li-ion batteries using two different intercalation hosts 2,3. The first Li-ion intercalation based graphite electrode was reported by Besenhard showing that graphite can intercalate several alkali-metal ions including Li-ions 4. Graphite intercalates Li-ions based on a layered structure with half-filled p z orbitals perpendicular to the planes that can interact with the Li 2s orbitals to limit volume expansion and dendrite growth. However, the specific capacity of graphite (LiC 6 , 0.372 Ah g-1) 1 is much smaller than that of lithium metal. It was until a total recall of lithium metal batteries by Moli

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries

2020

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“…A series of porous carbon materials have been synthesized through simple direct carbonization of as-prepared nonporous Zn-MOFs at 1000 °C (3 h, Ar flow) except for MOF-5 with SBET = 2385 m 2 g −1 [38]. The self-sacrificing templates were MOF- 5 . In addition, the corresponding carbons were C-MOF-5, C-MOF-2, C-Zn-btc (btc = 1,3,5benzenetricarboxylic acid), C-Zn-ndc (ndc = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid), C-Zn-paa (paa = 1,4phenylenediacetic acid), and C-Zn-ada (ada = 1,3-adamantanediacetic acid).…”

Section: Other Zn-mof-derived Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many electricity-driven devices ranging from small portable electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) absolutely require high performance rechargeable energy storage devices as a primary component [3]. In this sense, high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been being studied intensively for better performance [4,5]. The impact of LIBs on modern technology is enormous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Directly Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks

Kim

Huh

2020

Materials

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Numerously different porous carbons have been prepared and used in a wide range of practical applications. Porous carbons are also ideal electrode materials for efficient energy storage devices due to their large surface areas, capacious pore spaces, and superior chemical stability compared to other porous materials. Not only the electrical double-layer capacitance (EDLC)-based charge storage but also the pseudocapacitance driven by various dopants in the carbon matrix plays a significant role in enhancing the electrochemical supercapacitive performance of porous carbons. Since the electrochemical capacitive activities are primarily based on EDLC and further enhanced by pseudocapacitance, high-surface carbons are desirable for these applications. The porosity of carbons plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance as well. We have recently witnessed that metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) could be very effective self-sacrificing templates, or precursors, for new high-surface carbons for supercapacitors, or ultracapacitors. Many MOFs can be self-sacrificing precursors for carbonaceous porous materials in a simple yet effective direct carbonization to produce porous carbons. The constituent metal ions can be either completely removed during the carbonization or transformed into valuable redox-active centers for additional faradaic reactions to enhance the electrochemical performance of carbon electrodes. Some heteroatoms of the bridging ligands and solvate molecules can be easily incorporated into carbon matrices to generate heteroatom-doped carbons with pseudocapacitive behavior and good surface wettability. We categorized these MOF-derived porous carbons into three main types: (i) pure and heteroatom-doped carbons, (ii) metallic nanoparticle-containing carbons, and (iii) carbon-based composites with other carbon-based materials or redox-active metal species. Based on these cases summarized in this review, new MOF-derived porous carbons with much enhanced capacitive performance and stability will be envisioned.

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“…Owing to the clearly conflicting demands, the corresponding materials design strategies are not straightforward, and despite the impressive progress achieved in the field of lithium ion batteries, an advancement to next-generation lithium-metal and so-called anode-free batteries requires a conceptual shift away from current liquid electrolytes, e.g., toward inorganic, polymer, or hybrid electrolytes ( Janek and Zeier, 2016 ; Schmuch et al., 2018 ). Notably, practical application of polymer electrolytes with lithium metal electrodes was convincingly demonstrated by Blue Solutions, including Bluecar and Bluebus, although the achievable energy density of the lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery is strongly limited and considerably lower than that of state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries (LIBs), attributed to the low ionic conductivity and limited anodic stability of polyether-type polymer electrolytes and corresponding cathode material selection ( Wu et al., 2019 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ). Such examples demonstrate that further efforts and substantial progress are required to improve currently available polymer electrolytes, making them suitable for lithium metal-based battery (LMB) systems that are attractive and competitive to conventional LIB technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Groups, Big Impact: Eliminating Li+ Traps in Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes

et al. 2020

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Summary Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes exhibit great potential for next-generation high-energy-density Li metal batteries, although the lack of sufficient molecular-scale insights into lithium transport mechanisms and reliable understanding of key correlations often limit the scope of modification and design of new materials. Moreover, the sensitivity to small variations of polymer chemical structures (e.g., selection of specific linkages or chemical groups) is often overlooked as potential design parameter. In this study, combined molecular dynamics simulations and experimental investigations reveal molecular-scale correlations among variations in polymer structures and Li + transport capabilities. Based on polyamide-based single-ion conducting quasi-solid polymer electrolytes, it is demonstrated that small modifications of the polymer backbone significantly enhance the Li + transport while governing the resulting membrane morphology. Based on the obtained insights, tailored materials with significantly improved ionic conductivity and excellent electrochemical performance are achieved and their applicability in LFP||Li and NMC||Li cells is successfully demonstrated.

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From Solid‐Solution Electrodes and the Rocking‐Chair Concept to Today's Batteries

Cited by 141 publications

References 37 publications

A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries

A retrospective on lithium-ion batteries

Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Directly Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks

Small Groups, Big Impact: Eliminating Li+ Traps in Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes

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