From Soft to Hard Biomimetic Materials: Tuning Micro/Nano-Architecture of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration

Carotenuto, Felicia; Politi, Sara; Haq, Arsalan Ul; Matteis, F. De; Tamburri, Emanuela; Terranova, Maria Letizia; Teodori, Laura; Pasquo, Alessandra; Nardo, Paolo Di

doi:10.3390/mi13050780

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 157 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…Architecture and surface properties are among the most important characteristics for the biocompatibility of scaffolds. The ideal scaffold should provide an optimal surface for cell adhesion and interconnected porous architecture for vascularization and extracellular matrix reproduction [ 44 , 45 ]. Three-dimensional printing technologies implement a highly adaptable and predictable scaffold design: layer-by-layer fabrication allows the formation of various shapes and a wide range of infills from ordinary 2D grids to 3D structures with triply periodic minimal surfaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Bone Defect Filling with Bioactive Degradable 3D-Implant: Experimental Study

et al. 2023

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Previously, 3D-printed bone grafts made of titanium alloy with bioactive coating has shown great potential for the restoration of bone defects. Implanted into a medullary canal titanium graft with cellular structure demonstrated stimulation of the reparative osteogenesis and successful osseointegration of the graft into a single bone-implant block. The purpose of this study was to investigate osseointegration of a 3D-printed degradable polymeric implant with cellular structure as preclinical testing of a new technique for bone defect restoration. During an experimental study in sheep, a 20 mm-long segmental tibial defect was filled with an original cylindrical implant with cellular structure made of polycaprolactone coated with hydroxyapatite. X-ray radiographs demonstrated reparative bone regeneration from the periosteum lying on the periphery of cylindrical implant to its center in a week after the surgery. Cellular structure of the implant was fully filled with newly-formed bone tissue on the 4th week after the surgery. The bone tissue regeneration from the proximal and distal bone fragments was evident on 3rd week. This provides insight into the use of bioactive degradable implants for the restoration of segmental bone defects. Degradable implant with bioactive coating implanted into a long bone segmental defect provides stimulation of reparative osteogenesis and osseointegration into the single implant-bone block.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Bone Defect Filling with Bioactive Degradable 3D-Implant: Experimental Study

et al. 2023

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“…However, despite extraordinary efforts worldwide, the results have not yet been adequate to envision clinical use 12 , 13 . The cause of this failure, among others, can mostly be found in scaffolds inadequately mimicking the tissue bioarchitecture 14 . Initially, the scaffolds were merely intended as a mechanical support for the cultured cells to grow and proliferate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically conductive scaffolds mimicking the hierarchical structure of cardiac myofibers

Haq

Montaina

Pescosolido

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Electrically conductive scaffolds, mimicking the unique directional alignment of muscle fibers in the myocardium, are fabricated using the 3D printing micro-stereolithography technique. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (photo-sensitive polymer), Irgacure 819 (photo-initiator), curcumin (dye) and polyaniline (conductive polymer) are blended to make the conductive ink that is crosslinked using free radical photo-polymerization reaction. Curcumin acts as a liquid filter and prevents light from penetrating deep into the photo-sensitive solution and plays a central role in the 3D printing process. The obtained scaffolds demonstrate well defined morphology with an average pore size of 300 ± 15 μm and semi-conducting properties with a conductivity of ~ 10–6 S/m. Cyclic voltammetry analyses detect the electroactivity and highlight how the electron transfer also involve an ionic diffusion between the polymer and the electrolyte solution. Scaffolds reach their maximum swelling extent 30 min after immersing in the PBS at 37 °C and after 4 weeks they demonstrate a slow hydrolytic degradation rate typical of polyethylene glycol network. Conductive scaffolds display tunable conductivity and provide an optimal environment to the cultured mouse cardiac progenitor cells.

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“…In this field, biomaterials are used to create a scaffold emulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) of specific tissues. The scaffold provides appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues to support cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation and promotes tissue regeneration and/or new tissue formation [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Material-by-Design Approach to Electrospun Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Based on Statistical Design of Experiments (DOE)

Carotenuto

Fiaschini²,

Nardo

et al. 2023

Materials

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Electrospinning bears great potential for the manufacturing of scaffolds for tissue engineering, consisting of a porous mesh of ultrafine fibers that effectively mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and aid in directing stem cell fate. However, for engineering purposes, there is a need to develop material-by-design approaches based on predictive models. In this methodological study, a rational methodology based on statistical design of experiments (DOE) is discussed in detail, yielding heuristic models that capture the linkage between process parameters (Xs) of the electrospinning and scaffold properties (Ys). Five scaffolds made of polycaprolactone are produced according to a 22-factorial combinatorial scheme where two Xs, i.e., flow rate and applied voltage, are varied between two given levels plus a center point. The scaffolds were characterized to measure a set of properties (Ys), i.e., fiber diameter distribution, porosity, wettability, Young’s modulus, and cell adhesion on murine myoblast C1C12 cells. Simple engineering DOE models were obtained for all Ys. Each Y, for example, the biological response, can be used as a driver for the design process, using the process-property model of interest for accurate interpolation within the design domain, enabling a material-by-design strategy and speeding up the product development cycle. The implications are also illustrated in the context of the design of multilayer scaffolds with microstructural gradients and controlled properties of each layer. The possibility of obtaining statistical models correlating between diverse output properties of the scaffolds is highlighted. Noteworthy, the featured DOE approach can be potentially merged with artificial intelligence tools to manage complexity and it is applicable to several fields including 3D printing.

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From Soft to Hard Biomimetic Materials: Tuning Micro/Nano-Architecture of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration

Cited by 25 publications

References 157 publications

Long Bone Defect Filling with Bioactive Degradable 3D-Implant: Experimental Study

Long Bone Defect Filling with Bioactive Degradable 3D-Implant: Experimental Study

Electrically conductive scaffolds mimicking the hierarchical structure of cardiac myofibers

Towards a Material-by-Design Approach to Electrospun Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Based on Statistical Design of Experiments (DOE)

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