From Old-Generation to Next-Generation Nematicides

Abstract

The phaseout of methyl bromide and the ban on, or withdrawal of, other toxic soil fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides belonging to the organophosphate and carbamate groups are leading to changes in nematode-control strategies. Sustainable nematode-control methods are available and preferred, but not always effective enough, especially for cash crops in intensive agriculture. A few non-fumigant nematicides, which have a relatively high control efficacy with a low toxicity to non-target organisms, have been released to the market or are in the process of being registered for use. Fluensulfone, fluopyram, and fluazaindolizine are the three main and most promising next-generation nematicides. In this paper, several aspects of these non-fumigant nematicides are reviewed, along with a brief history and problems of old-generation nematicides.

Impacts of Root-Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) on Plant Nutrition, Biomass, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Susceptible/Intolerant Wheat Cultivars Determined by Nematicide Applications

“…The most effective oxime carbamate and organophosphate nematicides tested in this study have been largely withdrawn from world markets. Relatively effective new nematicides with greater specificity to nematodes are being tested for various world markets, among which the most promising are fluensulfone, fluopyram and fluazaindolizine [17,18]. These, and other next-generation nematicides, require thorough testing under field conditions in the environment of the subtropical grain region for effectiveness against P. thornei in wheat and other vulnerable crops.…”

“…Following this exploratory work with two nematicides at high rates [15], experiments were conducted to test a wide range of nematicides at various rates to assess if economic control of P. thornei in this region is feasible. Many nematicides tested in these experiments have since been withdrawn from world markets for environmental concerns [16][17][18]. In this paper, the comprehensive experimental data collected in association with these experiments are examined to investigate in more detail the effects of P. thornei on nutrient concentrations, uptakes, growth and yield, and yield components of wheat in the environment of the Australian subtropical grain region.…”

“…The results provide new information on the impact of the nematodes on uptake of N and P by young wheat plants and effects on the subsequent wheat growth and components of grain yield. This information is valuable (a) for designing strategies for integrated management of P. thornei on farms, (b) for modifying crop growth models in order to simulate the effects of P. thornei on wheat production in this environment, and (c) for guidance in assessing next-generation nematicides [17][18][19] for potential responses in wheat under field conditions appropriate to the region.…”

Rare Sugars: Recent Advances and Their Potential Role in Sustainable Crop Protection

“…Plant-parasitic nematodes are widely considered one of the a major threats to the agriculture production, since they cause severe crop losses worldwide [ 218 ]. Since the use of methyl bromide, organophosphate and carbamate as soil fumigants was banned, sustainable methods of nematode control have been gaining popularity [ 219 ]. D-allulose was shown to be able to inhibit the motility, growth and egg bearing rate of Caenorhabditis elegans , probably by interfering with nematode nutrition [ 66 ].…”

Fluorescence-Based Sensing of Pesticides Using Supramolecular Chemistry

“…Subsequent generations of pesticides were designed to maintain high efficacy in combating pests that could destroy crops, while reducing the toxicity of the pesticides to humans, animals and the environment. These efforts have had mixed success, with negative health effects associated with exposure to organophosphorus-containing pesticides (Eddleston et al, 2008), triazole-derived pesticides (Filipov and Lawrence, 2001), carbamate-containing pesticides (Haendel et al, 2004), and nearly every generation of pesticides commercialized to date (Fierascu et al, 2020;Oka, 2020). Partially as a result of the toxicity of virtually every commercially available pesticide, consumers began gravitating towards the organic farming industry, which was purported to use less toxic exogenous pesticides to obtain analogous agricultural results (Raj et al, 2019).…”