From <i>The Principles</i> to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act

Friese, Carrie; Nuyts, Nathalie

doi:10.1177/0162243917743792

Science, Technology, & Human Values

2017

DOI: 10.1177/0162243917743792

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From The Principles to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act

Carrie Friese

Nathalie Nuyts

Abstract: This special issue commemorates the upcoming sixtieth anniversary of the publication of Russell and Burch's Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1959), where the concept of the 3Rs--replace, reduce and refine animals from life science research--was first introduced. As this special issue makes clear, the evolving impact of this book has not been at all straightforward. There have been clear breaks and ruptures between the commissioning of the book by the Universities

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Density Functional Theory in the Prediction of Mutagenicity: A Perspective

Townsend

Grayson

2020

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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As a field, computational toxicology is concerned with using in silico models to predict and understand the origins of toxicity. It is fast, relatively inexpensive, and avoids the ethical conundrum of using animals in scientific experimentation. In this perspective, we discuss the importance of computational models in toxicology, with a specific focus on the different model types that can be used in predictive toxicological approaches toward mutagenicity (SARs and QSARs). We then focus on how quantum chemical methods, such as density functional theory (DFT), have previously been used in the prediction of mutagenicity. It is then discussed how DFT allows for the development of new chemical descriptors that focus on capturing the steric and energetic effects that influence toxicological reactions. We hope to demonstrate the role that DFT plays in understanding the fundamental, intrinsic chemistry of toxicological reactions in predictive toxicology.

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Density Functional Theory in the Prediction of Mutagenicity: A Perspective

Townsend

Grayson

2020

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Science, Culture, and Care in Laboratory Animal Research

Davies

Greenhough

Hobson‐West

et al. 2018

Science, Technology, & Human Values

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The need to refine, replace and reduce the use of animals in laboratories-the 3Rs concept" -strongly influences discussion and regulation of this contested area of technoscience. This special issue looks back to the origins of the 3Rs concept through five papers that explore how it is enacted and challenged in practice, and that develop critical considerations about its future. Three themes connect the papers in this special issue. These are (1) the multiplicity of roles enacted by those who use and care for animals in research; (2) the distribution of "feelings that matter" across species and spaces of laboratory animal practice; (3) the growing importance of "cultures of care" in animal research.2

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Advancing the 3Rs: innovation, implementation, ethics and society

Grimm,

Biller-Andorno,

Buch

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The 3Rs principle of replacing, reducing and refining the use of animals in science has been gaining widespread support in the international research community and appears in transnational legislation such as the European Directive 2010/63/EU, a number of national legislative frameworks like in Switzerland and the UK, and other rules and guidance in place in countries around the world. At the same time, progress in technical and biomedical research, along with the changing status of animals in many societies, challenges the view of the 3Rs principle as a sufficient and effective approach to the moral challenges set by animal use in research. Given this growing awareness of our moral responsibilities to animals, the aim of this paper is to address the question: Can the 3Rs, as a policy instrument for science and research, still guide the morally acceptable use of animals for scientific purposes, and if so, how? The fact that the increased availability of alternatives to animal models has not correlated inversely with a decrease in the number of animals used in research has led to public and political calls for more radical action. However, a focus on the simple measure of total animal numbers distracts from the need for a more nuanced understanding of how the 3Rs principle can have a genuine influence as a guiding instrument in research and testing. Hence, we focus on three core dimensions of the 3Rs in contemporary research: (1) What scientific innovations are needed to advance the goals of the 3Rs? (2) What can be done to facilitate the implementation of existing and new 3R methods? (3) Do the 3Rs still offer an adequate ethical framework given the increasing social awareness of animal needs and human moral responsibilities? By answering these questions, we will identify core perspectives in the debate over the advancement of the 3Rs.

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From The Principles to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Density Functional Theory in the Prediction of Mutagenicity: A Perspective

Density Functional Theory in the Prediction of Mutagenicity: A Perspective

Science, Culture, and Care in Laboratory Animal Research

Advancing the 3Rs: innovation, implementation, ethics and society

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