“…Hitherto, the only clinical therapy option available is a lifetime gluten-free diet ( Glissen Brown and Singh, 2018 ; Li et al, 2023 ). Gluten is a protein mixture occur in grains (especially wheat, barley, and rye), mainly composed of gliadin and glutenin ( Tye-Din et al, 2018 ; Tanner et al, 2019 ; Bahmani et al, 2024 ), among which gliadin is the culprit causing celiac disease ( Menezes et al, 2023 ). Therefore, many countries have established guidelines for gluten-free and extremely low gluten content foods and set a minimum detection threshold for gluten at 20 mg/kg ( Commission, 2014 ).…”