2020
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103730
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From Gene to Protein—How Bacterial Virulence Factors Manipulate Host Gene Expression During Infection

Abstract: Bacteria evolved many strategies to survive and persist within host cells. Secretion of bacterial effectors enables bacteria not only to enter the host cell but also to manipulate host gene expression to circumvent clearance by the host immune response. Some effectors were also shown to evade the nucleus to manipulate epigenetic processes as well as transcription and mRNA procession and are therefore classified as nucleomodulins. Others were shown to interfere downstream with gene expression at the level of mR… Show more

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Cited by 40 publications
(61 citation statements)
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References 293 publications
(346 reference statements)
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“…tsutsugamushi (previously Rickettsia tsutsugamushi ) [ 64 , 65 ] secretes one of the largest repertoires of ankyrin (Ank) protein paralogs through a type I secretion system (T1SS). Of this repertoire, 2 Ank groups are reported to be involved in modulating host cell ubiquitination pathways in the nucleus [ 3 , 66 68 ]. Ank1 (specifically the 1A, 1B, 1E, 1F, 1U4, 1U5, and 1U9 paralogs) and Ank6 are 2 groups of O .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…tsutsugamushi (previously Rickettsia tsutsugamushi ) [ 64 , 65 ] secretes one of the largest repertoires of ankyrin (Ank) protein paralogs through a type I secretion system (T1SS). Of this repertoire, 2 Ank groups are reported to be involved in modulating host cell ubiquitination pathways in the nucleus [ 3 , 66 68 ]. Ank1 (specifically the 1A, 1B, 1E, 1F, 1U4, 1U5, and 1U9 paralogs) and Ank6 are 2 groups of O .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ank1 (specifically the 1A, 1B, 1E, 1F, 1U4, 1U5, and 1U9 paralogs) and Ank6 are 2 groups of O . tsutsugamushi Ank proteins found to localize in the nuclei of HeLa cells and primary macrophages [ 3 , 66 68 ]. While these potential nucleomodulins are found within host cell nuclei, the mechanisms behind their nuclear translocation have yet to be determined.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Various bacterial species have evolved various strategies to invade, survive, and multiply intracellularly in host cells. The paper of Denzer et al presents an updated review of the mechanisms used by bacteria to invade the host cell, to manipulate their biochemical and gene expression machinery, and to multiply and escape from the host cell [13]. The authors present a thorough review of mechanisms used by intracellular pathogens, including the highjack of host immune defenses to enter into the host cell.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The authors present a thorough review of mechanisms used by intracellular pathogens, including the highjack of host immune defenses to enter into the host cell. Central attention is given to the various mechanism used to manipulate gene expression, including histone modification, control of host DNA methylation patterns, sabotage of host long non-coding RNAs, interfering with the host RNA transcription and translation, as well as with host protein stability [13]. The importance of the detailed molecular knowledge of pathogenesis mechanisms to the development of strategies to combat bacterial infections is highlighted [13].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%