“…Faced with that conundrum, many African-Americans nonetheless continued attending Black Christian churches where they found solace and hope in the trope of redemptive suffering, and fellowship with the communities these churches provide (Raboteau, 1995). Some, however, rejected Christianity and joined Black Pride and Black Power movements (Ogbar, 2019;Van Deburg, 1992) while others embraced New World African diaspora spirit religions, the Nation of Islam, and Black Hebrew camps (see Baer and Singer, 1992;Chireau, 2000;Erskin, 2005;Lee, 1996) that demand a form of servitude and changes in daily routines. These groups' emphasis on the necessity to serve expresses and reflects African-Americans' already-known embodied knowledge that free people are inescapably dependent on others-persons, families, institutions, and higher powersand that servitude is part of freedom.…”