From Garden City to Eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable neighborhood development

Sharifi, Ayyoob

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.09.002

Cited by 233 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Songdo is also unusual in another respect, unlike earlier utopian visions of newly-planned cities, it was not envisioned as a response to the perils of overcrowding, as in the case of E. Howard and late-nineteenthcentury Garden City movement following the industrial revolution. In a recent paper by Ayyoob Sharifi (2016), which traced the evolution of twentieth-century planning movements from the Garden City to Eco-Urbanism, prominent "urban visionaries"-from Ebenezer Howard to Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes-are viewed as motivated not only to address social problems (such as Table 1. Urban systems variables reliance and relations table (Bertuglia et al, 1987(Bertuglia et al, , 1994 housing shortages through constructing new planned communities), but also to create social reform (Sharifi, 2016, p. 4).…”

Section: Ubiquitous-eco-city Of Songdomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ubiquitous-Eco-City of Songdo: An Urban Systems Perspective on South Korea's Green City Approach

Mullins

2017

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Since the 1980s, within the broader context of studies on smart cities, there has been a growing body of academic research on networked cities and "computable cities" by authors including Manuel Castells (Castells, 1989;Castells & Cardoso, 2005), William Mitchell (1995), Michael Batty (2005), and Rob Kitchin (2011. Over the last decade, governments in Asia have displayed an appetite and commitment to construct large scale city developments from scratch-one of the most infamous being the smart entrepreneurial city of Songdo, South Korea. Using Songdo as a case study, this paper will examine, from an urban systems perspective, some of the challenges of using a green-city model led by networked technology. More specifically, this study intends to add to the growing body of smart city literature by using an external global eventthe global financial crisis in 2008-to reveal what is missing from the smart city narrative in Songdo. The paper will use the definition of an urban system and internal subsystems by Bertuglia et al. (1987) and Bertuglia, Clarke and Wilson (1994) to reveal the sensitivity and resilience of a predetermined smart city narrative. For instance, what happens if the vision moves from the originally intended international-orientated population towards remarketing the city to attract a domestic middle-class population. The lens of the financial crisis in 2008 revealed that the inherent inflexibility of a closed-system approach in Songdo was not sufficiently resilient to external shocks. The shift towards a domestic middle-class population revealed the inequality in accessing the city services in a system designed with formalized and rigid inputs and outputs. By focusing predominantly on technology, the social dimensions of the city were not part of Songdo's smart city vocabulary. Therefore, in adopting a technologically deterministic approach (Mullins & Shwayri, 2016) to achieving efficiency and combating environmental issues, Songdo's green city model was found insufficient in its ability to cope with the complexity and dissonance that occurs in relation to "glocal" challenges facing cities today.

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Section: Ubiquitous-eco-city Of Songdomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ubiquitous-Eco-City of Songdo: An Urban Systems Perspective on South Korea's Green City Approach

Mullins

2017

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“…In the much earlier writing Garden City of Tomorrow, Ebenezer Howard in 1902 [48] suggested green urbanism; a political and social agenda recently surfacing. The turn of the century saw a worldwide diaspora of sustainability principles into neighbourhood development [49]. It is believed that, compared to the planning approaches elaborated upon in the preceding sections, green urbanism, as a planning approach, is seen as metamorphic and presented in many forms and tributaries [16], [50], [51].…”

Section: Green Urbanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considering New Urbanism, New Ruralism and Green Urbanism in Response to Multifunctionality: The Case of Verkykerskop, South Africa

Viviers

Cornelius

Cilliers

2017

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Paul Davidoff charged planners in 1965, as a profession making urban life more beautiful, exciting, creative and more just, as having little to say. The task thereupon was to train a generation of planners to go well beyond the designers of the sixties in their ability to prescribe future urban life. Nijkamp, in 1980, affirms the utopians' claim that the future is open and flexible, and that every development in the community, could imply a surprising step towards something better. A half century since Davidoff's indications, planners encounter ever expanding planning approaches, "towards something better", ranging from compact cities, transit oriented developments, new urbanism, new ruralism, shared cities, to smart growth and, of late, green urbanism and eco-cities; all in response to multifunctionality. Although the concept of multifunctionality has gained increasing attention the last decade, there is much frustration amongst planners regarding a proper set of broadly based definitions and clear statements concerning its scientific points of departure. This research argues that a combination of planning approaches are a more suitable response in attaining multifunctional land use; especially as megatrends underscore the need for moving away from seeking a predictable single future or outcome. The uniqueness of the Southern African landscape, inherently being rural, necessitated a rural accentuation on multifunctionality. Applying theory-based sampling as part of qualitative inquiry into the recently planned rural village of Verkykerskop, acclaimed by the Charter for New Urbanism in 2012, it is questioned whether the reciprocal employment of planning approaches induced multifunctional rural land use. Offering a design philosophy, whereby "farming, playing and living" is attained through the combined appliance of new urbanism, rural urbanism and green urbanism in planning the rural village, conclusions are drawn relating to the conduciveness of these approaches in achieving multifunctional rural land use. Keywords: multifunctionality, multifunctional land use, multifunctional rural land use, new urbanism, new ruralism and green urbanism.

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“…The current discourse on sustainable neighbourhoods development and eco-urbanism focuses on green technologies, strategies for smart and efficient use of resources, carbon footprinting and low-carbon development of neighbourhoods (Sharifi, 2016). Absent from this discourse are the identification of the different stakeholders involved in the process, the critical influence of market forces, the failure in achieving social equity, and the building of diverse and inclusive communities active in resilient transformations (Holden, Li, & Molina, 2015).…”

Section: A Politico-ecological Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-producing neighbourhood resilience

Stevenson

Petrescu

2016

Building Research & Information

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From Garden City to Eco-urbanism: The quest for sustainable neighborhood development

Cited by 233 publications

References 88 publications

The Ubiquitous-Eco-City of Songdo: An Urban Systems Perspective on South Korea's Green City Approach

The Ubiquitous-Eco-City of Songdo: An Urban Systems Perspective on South Korea's Green City Approach

Considering New Urbanism, New Ruralism and Green Urbanism in Response to Multifunctionality: The Case of Verkykerskop, South Africa

Co-producing neighbourhood resilience

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