From an Officer in the Ottoman Army to a Muslim Publicist and Armament Agent in Berlin

The Responses of Muslims in Weimar Germany to the Abolition of the Caliphate

“…His informants included Zeki Kiram (1886-1946), a former Syrian officer in the Ottoman army who became a prominent figure in the Islamic community in Berlin in the 1920s. 74 Discussions among Muslims in Germany were part of the debates in the Islamic public sphere that revolved around issues such as the compatibility of Islam and modernity, the relations between Islam and nationalism, the position of women in Islam, Westernisation and Kemal's reforms. Some German newspapers reported on the reactions of Berlin-based Muslims to the abolition of the Caliphate.…”

New episodes in Moroccan nationalism under colonial role: reconsideration of Shakīb Arslān's centrality in light of unpublished materials

“…Through c Adil Arslān, Shakīb's brother, Montaner managed to meet many Iraqi notables in Baghdad, who promised to establish him economic relations with Spain on the condition that his government had to treat the Muslims of Tetouan and the Rif tolerantly. 49 Like Montaner, Enrique de Ráfols, another member of the association and later Director General of Press and Propaganda at Spain's Ministry of Provincial Government and Foreign Affairs (Ryad 2006, pp. 262-267), established the Egyptian-Spanish Company.…”

Muslim Encounters with Nazism and the Holocaust: The Ahmadi of Berlin and Jewish Convert to Islam Hugo Marcus

“…136 Kiram was a former Ottoman army officer and a longtime Berlin resident. 137 A Turkish citizen who maintained close relations with the Turkish embassy, he was employed as an interpreter of Turkish in the Reich Foreign Ministry and worked for the Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS (the SS Intelligence Agency) for years, but his main job was dealing German arms. 138 In 1936 he wrote an ecstatic letter to Adolf Hitler, his "highly esteemed Führer."…”