Fresh Water Habitat Pollution by Treated Sewage Effluent in Relation to Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Mahmoud, I.Y.; Al-Bahry, Saif N.; Al-Musharafi, S. K.

doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.062

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Antibiotics have been used for treatment of human and animal diseases indiscriminately [23]- [25] and are also used as prophylactic in animal growth [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus Contamination during Food Preparation, Processing and Handling

Al-Bahry¹,

Mahmoud²,

Al-Musharafi³

et al. 2014

IJCEA

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Abstract-Throughout the world, food processing and handling is a major problem leading to food poisoning and infection. A total of 480 samples was analyzed for Staphylococcus aureus contamination which resulted from food processing. Most of the isolates were taken from food-handlers using nasal swabs. The most contaminated food was chicken pastries, followed by egg sandwiches and spring rolls. Isolates from all samples produced virulence factors hemolysin, coagulase, DNase and enterotoxins. Five different enterotoxins (SEs) were isolated and identified from different samples. The detected SEs are SEA to SEE. Most the isolates secreted SEA followed by SEB. The strains were multiple-resistant to several antibiotics. Ampicillin and penicillin were the most resisted antibiotics. The value of this investigation is to generate awareness about the dangers of food processing and handling leading to infections by foodborne microbes which constitute a potential health risk for the consumers.Index Terms-Staphylococcus aureus, contamination, food products, food handlers. I. INTRODUCTIONFood processing is an important industry worldwide. One of the major problems threatening food industry is the contamination with foodborne microbes of human origin resulting from improper handling and processing. Microbial contamination reduces shelf life and food quality leading to food infection and poisoning outbreaks, some of which are life threatening. Continuous monitoring of food processing is essential to avoid potential health problems.Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major foodborne pathogens, frequently causing diseases globally as a result of food ingestion contaminated with staphylococcal toxin [1].S. aureus is characterized by its ability to produce enterotoxins [2], which are considered to be the main causative agents of staphylococcal food poisoning [1]. S. aureus are commonly found on the skin of mammals, birds and fomites [2]. Humans are considered to be the major source of staphylococcal food poisoning [3]. S. aureus is found in nasal passages, throat, hair and skin of carriers [2]. Food is usually contaminated from nasal secretions, sneezing, coughing and direct hand contact of infected carriers [4], [5].Three categories of S. aureus carriers have been Manuscript received November 9, 2013; revised February 21, 2014 recognized: persistent, intermittent (occasional) and never-carriers. Persistent carriers are infected with the same staphylococcal strain for months or even years. It was reported that 20% -35% are persistent carriers. In addition, intermittent carriers represent 40% -70%, while never-carriers are uninfected representing 10% -40% of the population [6], [7].S. aureus secretes several virulence factors and extracellular toxins of protein origin which contributes to the pathogenicity. It is the only species that produces beta hemolysin which lyse red blood cells at cold temperature [6].Unlike other foodborne illnesses, staphylococcal food poisoning occurs shortly after, 30 min to 8 hrs, food ingestion contamin...

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“…Antibiotics have been used for treatment of human and animal diseases indiscriminately [23]- [25] and are also used as prophylactic in animal growth [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus Contamination during Food Preparation, Processing and Handling

Al-Bahry¹,

Mahmoud²,

Al-Musharafi³

et al. 2014

IJCEA

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“…Antibiotics have been clearly detected in wastewater treatment facilities [73], but they are only partially eliminated during the sewage-treatment process [60,65]. Some are subsequently released via the contaminated effluent into the aquatic environment [60,64,[74][75][76][77] where, they are probably slowly transformed by biological and physical processes [78]. Resistant bacteria bred in the human gut can also enter the environment via sewage.…”

Section: Infiltration Of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Into Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistant bacteria in terrestrial and aquatic environments: A review

Al-Bahry¹,

Mahmoud

Paulson

et al. 2015

iajaa

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Antibiotic resistant bacteria have become increasingly widespread in the environment and their prevalence is a serious potential problem for human health. The rise and spread of this resistance is primarily due to the overuse of antibiotics in clinical therapeutics and as growth promoters for livestock. Overuse undermines the usefulness of antibiotics by giving a selective advantage to microbes that are resistant. The problem has been exacerbated by the emergence of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics and by the ability of these resistance determinants to spread between different bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. Such transfer can, for example, take place extensively in the digestive tract of domestic animals and aquatic environments, which can become reservoirs of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB) and these sources contribute eventually to spread of antibiotic resistance to humans

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“…Therefore, effluent pollution can be detected by the presence of MARB or antimicrobial agents. The presence of MARB in the aquatic environment has been investigated by many workers [2,24,32,36,[38][39][40][41][42]. These studies have shown that many aquatic and marine habitats exposed to antibiotic residues have developed a significant MARB presence.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria As Bio-indicators Of Aquatic Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was reported that better health care practices and more stringent regulations should be implemented in order to control the usage of antibiotics and to stop the emergence and dissemination of multiple resistant strains which are comparatively similar to the global concerns [2,4,[41][42]. We suggest the following four major strategies to reduce the spread of MARB:…”

Section: Antibiotics and Marb In The Environment: Possible Remediesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have shown that many aquatic and marine habitats exposed to antibiotic residues have developed a significant MARB presence. In short, the presence of MARB in aquatic habitats can be used as a bioindicator of pollution [2,24,36,42]. In one application of this concept MARB were isolated from soil and snails in a pond contaminated with treated sewage effluent from industrial and residential sources [40].…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria As Bio-indicators Of Aquatic Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival and Growth of Bacteria in Treated Wastewater and Water Distribution Systems and their Implication in Human Health: A review

Al-Bahry

Paulson

Al-Musharaf

2014

int. arab. j antimicrob. agents

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Multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB) and antimicrobial drugs enter the environment via wastewater, especially from hospitals and pharmaceutical plants, and through agricultural runoff, leading to contamination of surface and groundwater. This is a serious problem in arid regions such as Oman where wastewater is recycled for irrigation and recharging aquifers. Treatment with chlorine does not completely remove bacteria from wastewater or prevent their re-growth in downstream distribution systems. MARB can infect humans via contaminated food and drinking water, or directly from the environment. Agricultural runoff and sewage, either treated or untreated, are also the main sources of MARB in coastal seawater. It is necessary to use antibiotics more prudently in medicine, treat wastewater more effectively, eliminate the discharge of untreated waste into the environment, and curtail the profligate use of antibiotics as growth promoters for livestock.

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Fresh Water Habitat Pollution by Treated Sewage Effluent in Relation to Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Staphylococcus aureus Contamination during Food Preparation, Processing and Handling

Staphylococcus aureus Contamination during Food Preparation, Processing and Handling

Antibiotic resistant bacteria in terrestrial and aquatic environments: A review

Survival and Growth of Bacteria in Treated Wastewater and Water Distribution Systems and their Implication in Human Health: A review

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