Frequent pauses in Escherichia coli flagella elongation revealed by single cell real-time fluorescence imaging

Zhao, Ziyi; Zhao, Yifan; Zhuang, Xiang-Yu; Lo, Wei Chang; Baker, Matthew A. B.; Lo, Chien Jung; Bai, Fan

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04288-4

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In 2018, Zhao et al revisited E. coli flagellar growth by using biarsenical dyes to label flagellin with tetracysteine tag for single-cell observation [ 81 ] and showed that the flagellar growth of E. coli has frequent pauses due to insufficient flagellins [ 82 ]. Although a high fluctuation of the filament growth rate was observed similarly to that observed by Tuner.…”

Section: Flagellar Filament Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction and Loss of Bacterial Flagellar Filaments

Zhuang

2020

Biomolecules

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The bacterial flagellar filament is an extracellular tubular protein structure that acts as a propeller for bacterial swimming motility. It is connected to the membrane-anchored rotary bacterial flagellar motor through a short hook. The bacterial flagellar filament consists of approximately 20,000 flagellins and can be several micrometers long. In this article, we reviewed the experimental works and models of flagellar filament construction and the recent findings of flagellar filament ejection during the cell cycle. The length-dependent decay of flagellar filament growth data supports the injection-diffusion model. The decay of flagellar growth rate is due to reduced transportation of long-distance diffusion and jamming. However, the filament is not a permeant structure. Several bacterial species actively abandon their flagella under starvation. Flagellum is disassembled when the rod is broken, resulting in an ejection of the filament with a partial rod and hook. The inner membrane component is then diffused on the membrane before further breakdown. These new findings open a new field of bacterial macro-molecule assembly, disassembly, and signal transduction.

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Section: Flagellar Filament Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction and Loss of Bacterial Flagellar Filaments

Zhuang

2020

Biomolecules

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“…The first approach induces nano-objects to execute non-reciprocal movements through body shape alteration, in order to displace the fluid around the body [158]. This is, for example, what happens in nature in micro-organisms provided with appendices [159,160] with Escherichia Coli bacteria being probably one of the must studied system. Escherichia Coli possesses long flagella on one side of the body that perform a non-time-reversible motion in order to move in a specific direction [161].…”

Section: Self-propelling Active Npsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Bio-Inspired Stimuli-Responsive Vesicles in Cancer Therapy Application

et al. 2020

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In the last years, there is a growing interest in the application of nanoscaled materials in cancer therapy because of their unique physico-chemical properties. However, the dark side of their usability is limited by their possible toxic behaviour and accumulation in living organisms. Starting from this assumption, the search for a green alternative to produce nanoparticles (NPs) or the discovery of green molecules, is a challenge in order to obtain safe materials. In particular, gold (Au NPs) and silver (Ag NPs) NPs are particularly suitable because of their unique physico-chemical properties, in particular plasmonic behaviour that makes them useful as active anticancer agents. These NPs can be obtained by green approaches, alternative to conventional chemical methods, owing to the use of phytochemicals, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules present in plants, fungi, and bacteria, reducing toxic effects. In addition, we analysed the use of green and stimuli-responsive polymeric bio-inspired nanovesicles, mainly used in drug delivery applications that have revolutionised the way of drugs supply. Finally, we reported the last examples on the use of metallic and Au NPs as self-propelling systems as new concept of nanorobot, which are able to respond and move towards specific physical or chemical stimuli in biological entities.

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“…Using cutting-edge biophysical methods, the torque-speed relationship [21-25], stepping [26], and switching [27, 28] of the BFM have been investigated. Very recently, the dynamic assembly of flagellar filaments has been characterized in real time [29-31]. However, questions still remain about whether flagella are permanent structures of the cell and, if not, the timing of their production and loss during different phases of the bacterial life cycle remain poorly understood.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic production and loss of flagellar filaments during the bacterial life cycle

Zhuang¹,

Guo

et al. 2019

Preprint

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23Bacterial flagella are large extracellular protein organelles that drive bacteria motility 24 and taxis in response to environmental changes. Previous research has focused mostly 25 on describing the flagellar assembly, its rotation speed and power output. However, 26 whether flagella are permanent cell structures and, if not, the circumstances and timing 27 of their production and loss during the bacterial life cycle remain poorly understood. 28 Here we used the single polar flagellum of Vibrio alginolyticus as our model and, using 29 in vivo fluorescence imaging, revealed that the percentage of flagellated bacteria (PFB) 30 in a population varies substantially across different bacterial growth phases. In the 31 early-exponential phase, the PFB increases rapidly in respect to incubation time, mostly 32 through widespread flagella production. In the mid-exponential phase, the PFB peaks 33 at around 76% and the partitioning of flagella between the daughter cells is 1:1 and 34 strictly at the old poles. After entering the stationary phase, the PFB starts to decline, 35 mainly because daughter cells stop making new flagella after cell division. Interestingly, 36 we discovered that bacteria can actively abandon flagella after prolonged stationary 37 culturing, though cell division has long been suspended. Lack of glucose was found to 38 be a major factor promoting flagellar disassembly. We also revealed that the active loss 39 of flagella was initiated by breakage in the rod connecting the extracellular filament to 40 the basal body formed by MS-and C-rings. Our results highlight the dynamic 41 production and loss of flagellar filaments during the bacterial life cycle.42 43 Main Text 44 3 The flagellum of a flagellated bacterium is a remarkable structure consisting of a 45 reversible rotary motor, a short proximal hook, and a thin helical filament [1]. Since the 46 flagellar system was discovered, this delicate nanomachine has attracted much research 47 and, while some aspects of the flagellar system have been well studied, others have not 48 [2-6]. Meanwhile, flagella are not only critical for bacterial motility, their constituent 49 flagellins are also important antigens that can stimulate both the innate inflammatory 50 response and the development of adaptive immunity [7-9]. Two specialized receptors 51 on immune cells, cell surface Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) [10-12] and intracellular 52 receptor Ipaf [13, 14], are responsible for recognizing flagellins as a warning of a 53 pathogenic bacterial invasion. Knowing when and how bacteria produce and lose 54 flagella, especially under stressed conditions, is valuable for understanding the way 55 bacteria either trigger or evade host immunity surveillance, a central topic in pathogen-56 host interactions. 57 Previous research has shown that bacterial flagella are hollow protein cylinders 58 with 20 nm outer and 2 nm inner diameters [15]. A flagellum is assembled from the 59 inside out, beginning with a basal body embedded in the cell membrane and...

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Frequent pauses in Escherichia coli flagella elongation revealed by single cell real-time fluorescence imaging

Cited by 29 publications

References 42 publications

Construction and Loss of Bacterial Flagellar Filaments

Construction and Loss of Bacterial Flagellar Filaments

Green Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Bio-Inspired Stimuli-Responsive Vesicles in Cancer Therapy Application

Dynamic production and loss of flagellar filaments during the bacterial life cycle

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