Frequency stability measurements of ultrastable BVA resonators and oscillators

Recent progress in the performances of ultrastable quartz resonators and oscillators

“…BVA resonators are often used in spacecraft thanks to their characteristics. A tool can be used to sort out the best resonators showing its capability to be integrated into the best oscillator design [13]. It helps to choose best resonators for integration in an ultrastable oscillator.…”

“…So, the measured value is an upper value. Considering that the resonators have the same contribution, frequency stability of the resonator used to illustrate this part is 6.0 · 10 À14 ± 1.5 · 10 À14 [13]. It is interesting to underline that this method gives an indication for sorting out the best resonators, despite if it is not that easy to perform such measure for each of the resonators when working in production for industry, but more generally in a context of research or control in a laboratory.…”

“…It corresponds by deduction to 1.4 · 10 À14 for 1 s integration time at 5 MHz and similarly 7.3 · 10 À14 for 1 s at 10 MHz. The performances have then been fully characterized with a Dual Mixer Time Difference Multiplication (DMTDM) based system described in the article and in some of the references [13,22]. In our case, we were able to measure the real performance of the distributed signals with a flicker frequency modulation (FFM) equal to 4.5 · 10 À14 at 12 s. We are certain that this is the real value, as this reference quartz was previously compared to the best quartz oscillator that was ever manufactured and presented in reference published in 2010 [29].…”

Frequency and temperature control for complex system engineering in optoelectronics and electronics: an overview

“…Different types of noise give different slopes depending on their type and the contribution of the effects considered. For resonator phase noise measurement, please refer to references [6]. The best performances in terms of noise were measured on BVA type crystal oscillators.…”

Application of modern method of calculating uncertainty to microwaves and opto-electronics

“…Previously the ideas of error and uncertainty were unfortunately mixed up until they were clarified by the GUM [6]. Starting from our experience on similar issues all contributions were estimated and their weight were assessed to determine uncertainties [7][8][9] with certain characteristics due to optics, it leads to a significantly different results from the conventional method [10]. The uncertainty in the result of a measurement consists of several components which may be easily grouped into two main categories according to the way in which their numerical value is estimated.…”