Frequency response services designed for energy storage

Greenwood, David; Lim, Khim Yan; Patsios, Charalampos; Lyons, Pádraig; Lim, Yun Seng; Taylor, Phil

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.046

Cited by 203 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In future power systems, increased penetration of renewable generation and reduced inertia of large synchronous generators are expected to increase the need for fast frequency control reserves [1]. To mitigate this, battery energy storage systems are expected to play an important role as they are able to reduce volatility of the frequency of the grid, as has been shown in [2], due to their rapid response time which cannot be matched by conventional generation assets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-economic analysis and optimal control of battery storage for frequency control services, applied to the German market

Engels

Claessens

2019

Applied Energy

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Optimal investment in battery energy storage systems, taking into account degradation, sizing and control, is crucial for the deployment of battery storage, of which providing frequency control is one of the major applications. In this paper, we present a holistic, data-driven framework to determine the optimal investment, size and controller of a battery storage system providing frequency control. We optimised the controller towards minimum degradation and electricity costs over its lifetime, while ensuring the delivery of frequency control services compliant with regulatory requirements. We adopted a detailed battery model, considering the dynamics and degradation when exposed to actual frequency data. Further, we used a stochastic optimisation objective while constraining the probability on unavailability to deliver the frequency control service. Through a thorough analysis, we were able to decrease the amount of data needed and thereby decrease the execution time while keeping the approximation error within limits. Using the proposed framework, we performed a techno-economic analysis of a battery providing 1 MW capacity in the German primary frequency control market. Results showed that a battery rated at 1.6 MW, 1.6 MWh has the highest net present value, yet this configuration is only profitable if costs are low enough or in case future frequency control prices do not decline too much. It transpires that calendar ageing drives battery degradation, whereas cycle ageing has less impact.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-economic analysis and optimal control of battery storage for frequency control services, applied to the German market

Engels

Claessens

2019

Applied Energy

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“…In fact, especially for compensation of short-term (milliseconds to a few seconds) fluctuations often tendered as Primary Control Reserve (PCR), BESS have been shown to be technically mature and potentially economically superior to conventional power plant dispatch adaption [129,130]. A detailed analysis of regulatory constraints (forcing e.g., minimum energy content of storage for continued power provision) [131], market profit scheme [127] as well as storage system operation strategy [132,133] is a prerequisite for profitable BESS operation in this application. An exemplary use case for frequency regulation is shown in a subsequent Section (cf.…”

Section: Application Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

et al. 2017

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Battery energy storage systems have gained increasing interest for serving grid support in various application tasks. In particular, systems based on lithium-ion batteries have evolved rapidly with a wide range of cell technologies and system architectures available on the market. On the application side, different tasks for storage deployment demand distinct properties of the storage system. This review aims to serve as a guideline for best choice of battery technology, system design and operation for lithium-ion based storage systems to match a specific system application. Starting with an overview to lithium-ion battery technologies and their characteristics with respect to performance and aging, the storage system design is analyzed in detail based on an evaluation of real-world projects. Typical storage system applications are grouped and classified with respect to the challenges posed to the battery system. Publicly available modeling tools for technical and economic analysis are presented. A brief analysis of optimization approaches aims to point out challenges and potential solution techniques for system sizing, positioning and dispatch operation. For all areas reviewed herein, expected improvements and possible future developments are highlighted. In order to extract the full potential of stationary battery storage systems and to enable increased profitability of systems, future research should aim to a holistic system level approach combining not only performance tuning on a battery cell level and careful analysis of the application requirements, but also consider a proper selection of storage sub-components as well as an optimized system operation strategy.

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“…However, the higher penetration of wind‐based generators increases the regularity and severity of frequency events in the current power system, which raises concern for electrical power system operators and regulators. Usually, fixed speed wind turbines do not contribute to frequency regulation services, therefore supplanting a high level of conventional sources with variable wind generation consequent drop in the overall inertia of the grid . In addition, the deregulation of the power industry has brought major changes in operational requirements and in control mechanism of the modern power system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, fixed speed wind turbines do not contribute to frequency regulation services, therefore supplanting a high level of conventional sources with variable wind generation consequent drop in the overall inertia of the grid. 5 In addition, the deregulation of the power industry has brought major changes in operational requirements and in control mechanism of the modern power system. The systems are experiencing a fast revolution considering power market and high penetration of power electronic-based components after deregulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid frequency enhancement using coordinated action of wind unit with redox flow battery in a deregulated electricity market

Dhundhara

Verma

2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Summary Growing electricity demand, environmental issues, and challenge to decrease dependence on fossil fuel resources have increased the inception of wind generation into the power system. However, higher penetration of wind‐based generating units into the existing grid can affect the working of the power system. Traditionally, a wind unit does not provide inertia, but collectively, wind units can have a notable impact on the dynamic performance of the power system. However, the battery energy storage systems have the potential to offer flexibility and ancillary supports to the power system. This article evaluates the impact of redox flow battery (RFB) in coordination with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)–based wind turbine unit (WTU) to enrich the dynamic performances of a multi‐source interconnected power system in a deregulated electricity market. The modified inertial control scheme is proposed for the DFIG unit that responds in the event of frequency deviation in the grid. The turbine sheds its kinetic energy and provides active power injection, thereby enhancing the frequency response of the system. The recently developed moth‐flame optimization (MFO) algorithm is employed for optimal tuning of the proportional‐integral (PI) controller and the speed regulator of a DFIG‐WTU. The simulation studies have been executed to analyze the impact of the RFB with WTU on the system frequency, tie‐line and different generating units power through a comparative study in terms of the settling time, and peak overshoot/undershoot in a deregulated electricity market. The analysis reveals that the WTU effectively contributes to sustaining the frequency and tie‐line power oscillations during abrupt load disturbances in the proposed power system. Moreover, the inclusion of RFB in coordination with the WTU helps to reduce the stress on a wind turbine during inertial control scheme. It can also reduce wind curtailments by absorbing excess power flowing through transmission lines, reduces wastage of green energy, and gives better dynamic response under different operating conditions of the deregulated electricity market.

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Frequency response services designed for energy storage

Cited by 203 publications

References 14 publications

Techno-economic analysis and optimal control of battery storage for frequency control services, applied to the German market

Techno-economic analysis and optimal control of battery storage for frequency control services, applied to the German market

Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids

Grid frequency enhancement using coordinated action of wind unit with redox flow battery in a deregulated electricity market

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