Frequency of spontaneously occurring postmenopausal bleeding in the general population

Astrup, Karen; Olivarius, Niels de Fine

doi:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00400.x

Cited by 89 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Postmenopausal bleeding occurs with a 10.7% frequency in the general population, 61 is associated with a 4.4% prevalence of endometrial malignancy, 62 and may be an independent predictor of significant endometrial pathology. 59 Although it seems intuitive that the frequency of NECs would be significantly higher in patients presenting with bleeding than in their asymptomatic counterparts, published studies have reported conflicting results on this point (Table 7).…”

Section: Significance Of Associated Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Significance of Benign Endometrial Cells in Cervicovaginal Smears

Fadare¹,

Ghofrani²,

Chacho³

et al. 2005

Advances in Anatomic Pathology

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The success of the routine Papanicolaou (pap) smear in reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer has been chronicled extensively. Unfortunately, endometrial cancer, the most common malignancy of the gynecologic tract, continues to lack a screening modality of comparable efficacy. It is generally accepted that the Papanicolau test has a low sensitivity for detecting endometrial disease. Nonetheless, it remains true that endometrial cells are not uncommonly identified on routine cervicovaginal smears and along with each case comes an associated responsibility for pathologists to assess cytologic features, assign a potential clinical significance, and make a decision on reporting this finding. When endometrial cells with an entirely normal cytologic appearance are identified on an otherwise unremarkable cervicovaginal smear, the central question raised is whether such cells are exfoliating physiologically or whether their exfoliation is pathologic in response to an underlying endometrial disease. Additionally, in the former scenario, could subsets of patients be defined in which the reporting of this finding is deemed unnecessary in the cytologic report? In this contribution, we explore the clinical significance of finding normal endometrial cells in cervicovaginal smears based on a review of the medical literature of the last half-century. The historical and evidentiary basis for the Bethesda 2001 recommendations, which calls for the reporting of cytologically benign endometrial cells only in patients 40 years and older, is reviewed in detail.

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Section: Significance Of Associated Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Significance of Benign Endometrial Cells in Cervicovaginal Smears

Fadare¹,

Ghofrani²,

Chacho³

et al. 2005

Advances in Anatomic Pathology

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show abstract

“…Over 90% of patients with endometrial cancer are postmenopausal and initially present with abnormal vaginal bleeding [1,2]. Ten percent of postmenopausal women will have postmenopausal bleeding [3] and 10% of those will ultimately have endometrial cancer [4]. Sixteen to thirty-five percent of these malignancies will be higher-grade, more aggressive Type 2 endometrial cancers [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endometrial echo complex thickness in postmenopausal endometrial cancer

Chandavarkar

Kuperman

Muderspach

et al. 2013

Gynecologic Oncology

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“…The incidence of vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women is approximately 10% immediately after menopause and 5% of all cases of menopause [1,2]. Various benign genital causes of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding include atrophic vaginitis, endometrial and cervical polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra, and submucosal fibroids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%