Frequency of spontaneously occurring postmenopausal bleeding in the general population

Astrup, Karen; Olivarius, Niels de Fne

doi:10.1080/j.0001-6349.2004.00400.x

Cited by 54 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…2 A woman not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) who bleeds after the menopause has a 10% risk of having genital cancer and a further 10% risk of significant pathology. 3 Therefore, postmenopausal bleeding should always be investigated no matter how minimal or non-persistent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other causes include endometrial polyps or cervical polyps, carcinoma of cervix, uterine sarcoma, ovarian carcinoma (especially oestrogen-secreting ovarian tumours), vaginal carcinoma which is very uncommon & carcinoma of vulva may bleed, but the lesion should be obvious. [3][4][5][6][7] Ultrasound pelvis is an appropriate first-line procedure to identify which woman with post-menopausal bleeding is at higher risk of endometrial cancer. In general, the thicker the endometrium, the higher the probability of important pathology i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postmenopausal bleeding: clinicopathologic study in a teaching hospital of Andhra Pradesh

Kothapally

Bhashyakarla

2013

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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INTRODUCTIONWHO defines menopause as permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian activity. 1 Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is defined as abnormal uterine bleeding occurring after 1 year of menopause. Common menopausal age in Indians is 45-50 years. Postmenopausal women constitute only 1% of female population. Postmenopausal bleeding represents one of the most common reasons for referral to gynaecological services, largely due to suspicion of an underlying endometrial malignancy.2 A woman not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) who bleeds after the menopause has a 10% risk of having genital cancer and a further 10% risk of significant pathology.3 Therefore, postmenopausal bleeding should always be investigated no matter how minimal or non-persistent.Etiology of post-menopausal bleeding include: nongynaecological causes like trauma or a bleeding disorder, use of hormone replacement therapy, vaginal atrophy, endometrial hyperplasia (simple, complex, and atypical), endometrial carcinoma usually presents as PMB but 25% occur in premenopausal women. Other causes include endometrial polyps or cervical polyps, carcinoma of Results:The commonest finding of pelvic USG was increased endometrial thickness (>4mm) (80%). The histopathological analysis showed proliferate endometrium (36.3%), atrophic endometrium (16.6%), cystoglandular hyperplasia (10%) and endometrium hyperplasia (6.6%). Incidence of cervical and endometrial carcinomas was 10% and 6.6%, respectively. Conclusion: the postmenopausal bleeding is an important symptom and requires careful and timely assessment to eliminate the possibility of malignancy as soon as possible.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postmenopausal bleeding: clinicopathologic study in a teaching hospital of Andhra Pradesh

Kothapally

Bhashyakarla

2013

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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“…[5] A women not taking hormone replacement therapy who bleeds after the menopause has a 10% risk of having genital cancer and a further 10% risk of significant pathology. [2] The dictum is postmenopausal bleeding indicates malignancy until proved otherwise. Therefore, postmenopausal bleeding should always be investigated no matter how minimal or non-persistent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Clinical and Histopathological Evaluation in Wom en With Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Hospital Based Study in Kashmir

Kant¹,

Iqbal²,

Rather³

et al. 2015

jemds

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BACKGROUND:Postmenopausal bleeding is a dreaded symptom both for the women and gynaecologist. Though it can be of benign origin, malignancy has to be ruled out and as such needs prompt evaluation. OBJECTIVE: (1) To study the etiological factors of postmenopausal bleeding and establish various endometrial causes of postmenopausal bleeding through histopathological evaluation. (2) To investigate the clinical significance of postmenopausal bleeding in terms of risk factors, incidence of malignancy and histopathological evaluation. METHODOLOGY: This observational study was conducted at Lalla Ded Hospital Srinagar over a period of 18 months in which 116 cases of postmenopausal bleeding were enrolled in the study. All patients were subjected to detailed history, examination and investigations followed by diagnostic curettage. Endometrial curretings were sent for histopathological examination. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V.16.0) and Microsoft Excel were used to carry statistical analysis of data. Data was analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics viz. %age, mean S.D. Graphically data was presented by bar and pie diagrams. RESULTS: Majority of the patients with postmenopausal bleeding were in the age of 45-55 years (63.8%), majority of cases 64(55.2%) were para 1-3, uterus was of normal size in 53 cases (45.7%). Mean age of onset of menopause was 48.7 years. Obesity was found in 40 cases (34.5%), hypertension in 35 cases (30.2%), and diabetes in 12 cases (10.3%). Out of the 116 cases studied; the most common cause of bleeding in the postmenopausal age group was endometrial hyperplasia in 41 out of 116(35.3%) followed by atrophic endometrium in 39 of 116(33.6%). Endometrial polyps were found in 9 (7.8%) cases, proliferative endometrium was found in 10(8.6%), endometritis was seen in 3(2.6%) cases, secretory endometrium in 1(0.9%) cases and adenofibroma in 1(0.9%) cases. The incidence of endometrial carcinoma in this study was 6% (7 out of 116 cases) mean age being 56.7 years and with duration of menopause more than 3 years. In 5 cases (4.3%) no endometrial tissue was obtained, hence no diagnosis could be made.

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“…5 A woman not taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT), who bleeds after the menopause has a 10% risk of having genital cancer and a further 10% risk of significant pathology. 6 This study was undertaken to investigate the clinical significance and endometrial pathology in patients with postmenopausal bleeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clinicopathological study of postmenopausal bleeding

Rita

Kumar

Rithesh

2016

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Frequency of spontaneously occurring postmenopausal bleeding in the general population

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

Postmenopausal bleeding: clinicopathologic study in a teaching hospital of Andhra Pradesh

Postmenopausal bleeding: clinicopathologic study in a teaching hospital of Andhra Pradesh

Significance of Clinical and Histopathological Evaluation in Wom en With Postmenopausal Bleeding: A Hospital Based Study in Kashmir

The clinicopathological study of postmenopausal bleeding

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