Frequency of Anemia and Iron Deficiency among Children Starting First Year of School Life and Their Association with Weight and Height

Ahmad, Mirza Sultan; Farooq, Hadia; Maham, Sumaira Noor; Qayyum, Zonaira; Waheed, Abdul; Nasir, Waqar

doi:10.1155/2018/8906258

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…No significant differences were found between haemoglobin and ferritin levels and different categories of height and weight. 28 In contrast, significant differences were found in the current study between being anaemic and being underweight in the four fields.…”

Section: Open Accesscontrasting

confidence: 86%

Anaemia prevalence in children newly registered at UNRWA schools: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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ObjectiveChildren entering first grade at the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) schools in West Bank, Gaza, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria complete a comprehensive medical examination at UNRWA health centres (HCs) as a requirement for their acceptance. Our study aimed to assess anaemia prevalence and undernutrition indicators among new entrant school children during their preschool medical examination.SettingsIn 2017, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 59 UNRWA HCs, targeting children entering first grade at UNRWA schools in four of UNRWA’s countries of operation (known as fields), namely Gaza, West Bank, Syria and Lebanon.Participants2419 completed the study. Boys and girls living inside or outside Palestine refugee camps were included. Verbal consent was obtained from their parents.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSociodemographic and anthropometric data on each child were collected. Underweight (weight-for-age z-score <−2 SD), stunting (height-for-age z-score <−2 SD), thinness (body mass index-for-age z-score <−2 SD) and obesity (body mass index-for-age z-score >+2 SD) were examined according to WHO growth indicators (5–10 years).Results2419 students (1278 girls and 1141 boys) aged 6.1±0.4 years were examined. The prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb) <11.5 g/L) was 25.0% (Gaza: 29.3%; West Bank: 22.0%; Syria: 30.0%; Lebanon: 18.3%). The mean Hb level was 12.0±0.9 g/L. The overall prevalence of stunting, thinness and underweight was 3.2%, 3.5% and 5.6%, respectively, with the highest levels found in Syria (4.3%, 6.3% and 10.1%, respectively). The highest prevalence of overweight was in Lebanon (8.6%), and the lowest was in Gaza (2.6%). Significant differences were found among fields with regard to undernutrition indicators (p=0.001). Also, children with anaemia had significantly higher prevalence of being underweight (5.2%) in comparison with those without anaemia (p=0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalence of anaemia among the surveyed children increased to 25.0%, compared with the previous study conducted by UNRWA in 2005 (19.5%). Thus, it is recommended that Hb testing be included in the medical examination of new entrant school children attending UNRWA schools.

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Section: Open Accesscontrasting

confidence: 86%

Anaemia prevalence in children newly registered at UNRWA schools: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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“…Anemia is very common in preschool and school aged children and has implications for child nutrition, growth, and survival [8]. Vitamin A deficiency is also a public health problem, and vitamin…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Do Children in Slums Suffer from Anemia, Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin A Deficiency? Results from a Birth Cohort Study in Dhaka

et al. 2019

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Considering the high burden of micronutrient deficiencies in Bangladeshi children, this analysis aimed to identify the factors associated with micronutrient deficiencies and association of plasma micronutrient concentration trajectories from 7 to 24 months with the concentrations at 60 months of age. Plasma samples were collected at 7, 15, 24, and 60 months of age, and hemoglobin, ferritin, zinc, and retinol concentrations of 155, 153, 154, and 155 children were measured, respectively. A generalized estimating equation was used to identify the factors associated with micronutrient deficiencies, while latent class growth modeling identified the trajectories of plasma micronutrients from 7 to 24 months and its association with the concentrations of micronutrients at 60 months was examined using multiple linear regression modeling. Early (AOR = 2.21, p < 0.05) and late convalescence (AOR = 1.65, p < 0.05) stage of an infection, low ferritin (AOR = 3.04, p < 0.05), and low retinol (AOR = 2.07, p < 0.05) were associated with increased anemia prevalence. Wasting at enrollment was associated with zinc deficiency (AOR = 1.8, p < 0.05) and birth weight was associated with ferritin deficiency (AOR = 0.58, p < 0.05). Treatment of drinking water was found protective against vitamin A deficiency (AOR = 0.57, p < 0.05). Higher trajectories for ferritin and retinol during 7-24 months were positively associated with plasma ferritin (β = 13.72, p < 0.05) and plasma retinol (β = 3.99, p < 0.05) at 60 months.

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“…In addition, obesity-related iron deficiency may impair brain development in children, which may disturb cognitive function, motor skills and behavior [ 11 ]. Therefore, prevention of iron deficiency is important in school children, especially among those of them who are starting their education [ 12 ]. Demand for iron is the highest in the first 6 months of life; up to the age of 3 years it is at a slightly lower level, and in the subsequent years of life it grows, gradually reaching maximum values in adolescence [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroportin-Hepcidin Axis in Prepubertal Obese Children with Sufficient Daily Iron Intake

Gajewska¹,

Ambroszkiewicz²,

Klemarczyk³

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Iron metabolism may be disrupted in obesity, therefore, the present study assessed the iron status, especially ferroportin and hepcidin concentrations, as well as associations between the ferroportin-hepcidin axis and other iron markers in prepubertal obese children. The following were determined: serum ferroportin, hepcidin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), iron concentrations and values of hematological parameters as well as the daily dietary intake in 40 obese and 40 normal-weight children. The ferroportin/hepcidin and ferritin/hepcidin ratios were almost two-fold lower in obese children (p = 0.001; p = 0.026, respectively). Similar iron concentrations (13.2 vs. 15.2 µmol/L, p = 0.324), the sTfR/ferritin index (0.033 vs. 0.041, p = 0.384) and values of hematological parameters were found in obese and control groups, respectively. Iron daily intake in the obese children examined was consistent with recommendations. In this group, the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio positively correlated with energy intake (p = 0.012), dietary iron (p = 0.003) and vitamin B12 (p = 0.024). In the multivariate regression model an association between the ferroportin/hepcidin ratio and the sTfR/ferritin index in obese children (β = 0.399, p = 0.017) was found. These associations did not exist in the controls. The results obtained suggest that in obese children with sufficient iron intake, the altered ferroportin-hepcidin axis may occur without signs of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. The role of other micronutrients, besides dietary iron, may also be considered in the iron status of these children.

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Frequency of Anemia and Iron Deficiency among Children Starting First Year of School Life and Their Association with Weight and Height

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Anaemia prevalence in children newly registered at UNRWA schools: a cross-sectional study

Anaemia prevalence in children newly registered at UNRWA schools: a cross-sectional study

Why Do Children in Slums Suffer from Anemia, Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin A Deficiency? Results from a Birth Cohort Study in Dhaka

Ferroportin-Hepcidin Axis in Prepubertal Obese Children with Sufficient Daily Iron Intake

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