Frequency and diversity of trypanosomes in sheep and goats from Mongo County in South Gabon, Central Africa

Maganga, Gaël Darren; Boundenga, Larson; Ologui-Minkue-Edzo, Emmanuella Jacqueline; Kombila, Linda Bohou; Mebaley, Telstar Ghestin Ndong; Kumulungui, Brice; Mavoungou, Jacques François

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2020.2502-2507

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Filter paper, however, inhibits ITS-PCR, making it less accurate compared to when DNA is extracted directly from whole blood samples (Ahmed et al, 2013). The frequency in trypanosome species, T. congolense and T. vivax distribution were similar with other findings (Kebede et al, 2009;Von Wissmann et al, 2011;Maganga et al, 2020), where goats were found to be highly prevalent in T. vivax as compared to cattle which is highly prevalent in T. congolense (Hassan-Kadle et al, 2020;Mulenga et al, 2021). In livestock, T. congolense and T. vivax are the most prevalent under natural infections, while T. brucei is the least prevalent (Van den Bossche and Delespaux, 2011;Maganga et al, 2020).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The frequency in trypanosome species, T. congolense and T. vivax distribution were similar with other findings (Kebede et al, 2009;Von Wissmann et al, 2011;Maganga et al, 2020), where goats were found to be highly prevalent in T. vivax as compared to cattle which is highly prevalent in T. congolense (Hassan-Kadle et al, 2020;Mulenga et al, 2021). In livestock, T. congolense and T. vivax are the most prevalent under natural infections, while T. brucei is the least prevalent (Van den Bossche and Delespaux, 2011;Maganga et al, 2020). The frequency of trypanosomes in goats indicates that goats are important reservoirs of trypanosomes that causes AAT and should be considered when undertaking AAT treatment control programmes in livestock.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

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The detection of African trypanosomes in goats reared in tsetse infested villages of Eastern Zambia

Mulenga

Gummow

2022

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Control programmes for African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock have been mainly focused on cattle with very little focus on goats, an important reservoir for the disease. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), this study investigated trypanosome infection in village goats in Mambwe, a rural District in Eastern Zambia. Filter paper blood spots were collected from 326 goats and tested for infection with Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei s.l. using ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS)-PCR. The frequency of trypanosomes from the sampled goats was 4.6% (95% CI = 2.3–6.8). Results indicated significantly high infections with Trypanosoma vivax (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.9–6.1) than T. congolense (0.6%; 95% CI = − 0.2 to 1.5), and T. brucei (0.0%), P = 0.04. Findings show the circulation of trypanosomes that causes AAT in goats and that they may pose serious threats to not only goats but also to other livestock reared alongside goats.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

The detection of African trypanosomes in goats reared in tsetse infested villages of Eastern Zambia

Mulenga

Gummow

2022

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…T. simiae is part of the Nannomonas subgenus as is T. congolense and it is the only trypanosome species that is particularly harmful to pigs, causing hyperacute, lethal infection with death occurring within 2 days after the onset of symptoms ( 47 ). The parasite can also be found in other domestic animals ( 48 ), therefore all livestock on the farm should be treated prophylactically. The pathogenicity of trypanosome infections varies greatly based on a variety of factors, including parasite characteristics (species and virulence), host characteristics (species, breed, age, immunological status, nutritional status, presence of co-infection, and physical condition), vector characteristics (species, density, infection rate, and host preference), epidemiological situation (endemic or epidemic), and the environment (e.g., the availability of food and water and the season) ( 3 ).…”

Section: The Trypanosoma Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance

et al. 2022

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African trypanosomiasis is associated with Trypanosoma evansi, T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. brucei pathogens in African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) while T. b gambiense and T. b rhodesiense are responsible for chronic and acute human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), respectively. Suramin sodium suppresses ATP generation during the glycolytic pathway and is ineffective against T. vivax and T. congolense infections. Resistance to suramin is associated with pathogen altered transport proteins. Melarsoprol binds irreversibly with pyruvate kinase protein sulfhydryl groups and neutralizes enzymes which interrupts the trypanosome ATP generation. Melarsoprol resistance is associated with the adenine-adenosine transporter, P2, due to point mutations within this transporter. Eflornithine is used in combination with nifurtimox. Resistance to eflornithine is caused by the deletion or mutation of TbAAT6 gene which encodes the transmembrane amino acid transporter that delivers eflornithine into the cell, thus loss of transporter protein results in eflornithine resistance. Nifurtimox alone is regarded as a poor trypanocide, however, it is effective in melarsoprol-resistant gHAT patients. Resistance is associated with loss of a single copy of the genes encoding for nitroreductase enzymes. Fexinidazole is recommended for first-stage and non-severe second-stage illnesses in gHAT and resistance is associated with trypanosome bacterial nitroreductases which reduce fexinidazole. In AAT, quinapyramine sulfate interferes with DNA synthesis and suppression of cytoplasmic ribosomal activity in the mitochondria. Quinapyramine sulfate resistance is due to variations in the potential of the parasite's mitochondrial membrane. Pentamidines create cross-links between two adenines at 4–5 pairs apart in adenine-thymine-rich portions of Trypanosoma DNA. It also suppresses type II topoisomerase in the mitochondria of Trypanosoma parasites. Pentamidine resistance is due to loss of mitochondria transport proteins P2 and HAPT1. Diamidines are most effective against Trypanosome brucei group and act via the P2/TbAT1 transporters. Diminazene aceturate resistance is due to mutations that alter the activity of P2, TeDR40 (T. b. evansi). Isometamidium chloride is primarily employed in the early stages of trypanosomiasis and resistance is associated with diminazene resistance. Phenanthridine (homidium bromide, also known as ethidium bromide) acts by a breakdown of the kinetoplast network and homidium resistance is comparable to isometamidium. In humans, the development of resistance and adverse side effects against monotherapies has led to the adoption of nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy. Current efforts to develop new prodrug combinations of nifurtimox and eflornithine and nitroimidazole fexinidazole as well as benzoxaborole SCYX-7158 (AN5568) for HAT are in progress while little comparable progress has been done for the development of novel therapies to address trypanocide resistance in AAT.

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“…This species has been previously reported in livestock in Cameroon, especially in cattle from Adamawa and North regions [ 8 , 11 , 12 , 33 ]. The occurrence of T. theileri has also been detected in small ruminants, both goats and sheep, in neighbouring Gabon [ 81 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial meta-analysis of the occurrence and distribution of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis in Cameroon over the last 30 years

et al. 2022

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In Cameroon, >90% of cattle are considered exposed to African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) infection, with the presence of tsetse rendering cattle husbandry as a very difficult proposition. A systematic review of data on AAT and tsetse from 1990 to 2021 was conducted to develop a national atlas. The review identified 74 relevant scientific documents, with three pathogenic Trypanosoma species (Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei s.l.) most frequently identified as causing AAT. Trypanosoma grayi, T. theileri, T. simiae and the human African trypanosomiasis causative agent T. brucei gambiense were also identified in a wide range of hosts. The tsetse fly fauna of Cameroon comprises nine species, with Glossina palpalis palpalis and G. fuscipes fuscipes the most widely distributed following their identification in seven and five of the 10 regions, respectively. Two species, Glossina nigrofusca and G. pallicera pallicera appeared to be rare and were restricted to both forest and protected areas. The presence of AAT is associated with the presence of tsetse in the livestock–human–wildlife interface of Cameroon. AAT occurs beyond the tsetse belts of the country where mechanical vectors are abundant. This study provides AAT and tsetse maps to support ongoing interventions in Cameroon.

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Frequency and diversity of trypanosomes in sheep and goats from Mongo County in South Gabon, Central Africa

Cited by 7 publications

References 36 publications

The detection of African trypanosomes in goats reared in tsetse infested villages of Eastern Zambia

The detection of African trypanosomes in goats reared in tsetse infested villages of Eastern Zambia

An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance

Spatial meta-analysis of the occurrence and distribution of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis in Cameroon over the last 30 years

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