Freezing induces a loss of freeze tolerance in an overwintering insect

Brown, Christopher S.; Bale, J. S.; Walters, K. F. A.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2760

Cited by 51 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…In the case of freeze-tolerant insects, it is important to distinguish between studies of repeated freeze-thaw (RFT) on its own (e.g. Brown et al, 2004;Marshall and Sinclair, 2011), and those that contrast RFT and RCE (e.g. Sinclair and Chown, 2005;Teets et al, 2011) (supplementary material TableS3).…”

Section: Design Of Rce Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most commonly used design involves a RCE group that is compared with controls kept at a relatively warm maintenance temperature (which may be an average temperature of the RCE group) which does not cause low temperature stress ('RCE vs warm'; Fig.2A) (e.g. Brown et al, 2004;Sinclair and Chown, 2005;Le Bourg et al, 2009). A second design contrasts a RCE group and both a warm control and a stressful prolonged low temperature ('RCE vs cold'; Fig.2B) (e.g.…”

Section: Design Of Rce Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impacts of repeated cold exposure on insects

Marshall

Sinclair

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

105

102

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SummaryInsects experience repeated cold exposure (RCE) on multiple time scales in natural environments, yet the majority of studies of the effects of cold on insects involve only a single exposure. Three broad groups of experimental designs have been employed to examine the effects of RCE on insect physiology and fitness, defined by the control treatments: ʻRCE vs coldʼ, which compares RCE with constant cold conditions; ʻRCE vs warmʼ, which compares RCE with constant warm conditions; and ʻRCE vs matched coldʼ which compares RCE with a prolonged period of cold matched by time to the RCE condition. RCE are generally beneficial to immediate survival, and increase cold hardiness relative to insects receiving a single prolonged cold exposure. However, the effects of RCE depend on the study design, and RCE vs warm studies cannot differentiate between the effects of cold exposure in general vs RCE in particular. Recent studies of gene transcription, immune function, feeding and reproductive output show that the responses of insects to RCE are distinct from the responses to single cold exposures. We suggest that future research should attempt to elucidate the mechanistic link between physiological responses and fitness parameters. We also recommend that future RCE experiments match the time spent at the stressful low temperature in all experimental groups, include age controls where appropriate, incorporate a pilot study to determine time and intensity of exposure, and measure sub-lethal impacts on fitness.Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Design Of Rce Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design Of Rce Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impacts of repeated cold exposure on insects

Marshall

Sinclair

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

105

102

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“…The issues raised here are however, of less relevance to freeze tolerant invertebrates which, unless they are significantly stressed (e.g. Bale et al, 2001;Brown et al, 2004), do not show significant variability in SCPs (Addo-Bediako et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Ecologically realistic modalities in arthropod supercooling point distributions

Hawes¹,

Bale²,

Convey³

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Modality in the supercooling points of cold tolerant but freezing intolerant terrestrial arthropods has proved a pragmatically reliable means of distinguishing between summer and winter cold hardiness in such species. This paper proposes an ecologically realistic method of modal analysis which may either be used in lieu of the traditional separation of supercooling points into "high" and "low" groups, or as a complementary assessment of the risk of freezing mortality. Instead of a posteriori determinations of modal break points, animal supercooling points are assigned a priori to one of four categories of cold hardiness: (1) summer coldhardy; (2) semi-cold-hardy; (3) cold-hardy; and (4) winter cold-hardy. Each category is identified by the temperature range within which arthropods can be expected to freeze. The temperature ranges assigned to each category are based on a conservative, but realistic, assessment of the temperatures at which animals can be expected to freeze at a given point in the season. The approach has greater discriminatory power than traditional bimodal descriptors (i.e."summer" and "winter" cold-hardy), as well as allowing animal supercooling points to be related to the temperatures they actually experience in their habitats. Thus, for example, animals considered "summer" cold-hardy according to conventional analysis may actually be "semi-cold-hardy" with supercooling points well within the safety margin of minimum ambient temperatures.

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“…Some freezingtolerant species include individuals that reduce their supercooling points after being frozen and thawed. Consequently, their subsequent refreezing is less likely, but these individuals are more likely to die if they are frozen again (Bale et al 2000(Bale et al , 2001Brown et al 2004). Bale (2002) suggested that this strategy might reflect the greater costs of repeated freezing and thawing compared with a single freezing.…”

Section: Ice and Nucleationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments

Danks¹

2006

Can Entomol

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Abstract-A review of insect adaptations for resistance to cold and for life-cycle timing reveals the complexity of the adaptations and their relationships to features of the environment. Cold hardiness is a complex and dynamic state that differs widely among species. Surviving cold depends on habitat choice, relationships with ice and water, and synthesis of a variety of cryoprotectant molecules. Many aspects are time-dependent and are integrated with other factors such as taxonomic affinity, resource availability, natural enemies, and diapause. Timing adaptations reflect the fact that all environments change over many different time frames, from days to thousands of years. Environments differ in severity and in the extent, nature, variability, and predictability of change, as well as in how reliably cues indicate probable conditions in the future. These differences are reflected by a wide range of insect life-cycle systems, life-cycle delays, levels of responsiveness to various environmental signals, genetic systems, and circadian responses. In particular, the degree of environmental change, its predictability on different time frames, and whether it can be monitored effectively dictate the balance between fixed and flexible timing responses. These same environmental features have to be characterized to understand cold hardiness, but this has not yet been done. Therefore, the following key questions must be answered in order to put cold hardiness into the necessary ecological context: How much do conditions change? How consistent is the change? How reliable are environmental signals?Résumé-La présente rétrospective des adaptations pour la résistance au froid et l'ajustement temporel des cycles biologiques illustre la complexité des adaptations et leurs relations aux caractéristiques du milieu. La résistance au froid est un état dynamique et complexe qui varie considérablement d'une espèce à l'autre. La survie au froid dépend du choix de l'habitat, des relations avec la glace et l'eau et de la synthèse d'une gamme de molécules cryoprotectrices. Plusieurs des aspects sont reliés au temps et sont aussi intégrés à d'autres facteurs, tels que l'affinité taxonomique, la disponibilité des ressources, les ennemis naturels et la diapause. Les adaptations d'ajustement temporel sont reliées au fait que tous les milieux changent à des échelles temporelles multiples, allant de jours à plusieurs millénaires. Les milieux différent entre eux quant à la rigueur et à l'étendue, la nature, la variabilité et la prévisibilité du changement; de plus, les indices des conditions futures probables y sont plus ou moins fiables. Ces différences se reflètent dans les systèmes de cycles biologiques des insectes, les délais dans les cycles biologiques, les degrés de réaction aux divers signaux environnementaux, les systèmes génétiques et les réponses circadiennes. En particulier, le degré de changement environnemental, sa prévisibilité aux différentes échelles temporelles et la possibilité d'en faire un suivi efficace déterminent l'équilibr...

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Freezing induces a loss of freeze tolerance in an overwintering insect

Cited by 51 publications

References 23 publications

The impacts of repeated cold exposure on insects

The impacts of repeated cold exposure on insects

Ecologically realistic modalities in arthropod supercooling point distributions

Insect adaptations to cold and changing environments

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