Freeze casting – A review of processing, microstructure and properties via the open data repository, FreezeCasting.net

Scotti, Kristen L.; Dunand, David C.

doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.01.001

Cited by 301 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 808 publications

(974 reference statements)

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“…Solid‐templates are extensively used in manufacturing industry for producing polymer materials/tools/robots with specific structures, from ancient‐times to modern nano‐age . Ice as a solid‐template has many advantages compared to common solids such as metals, ceramics and carbons, including easy solidification/melting, environmental benignancy, cheapness and encapsulating‐capacity . Except for assembly of polymers in ice‐channels (Figure a), which generally can only produce porous materials, a promising sub‐method of ice‐template is polymerization on ice‐surface, which can theoretically create materials/tools/machines with complicated 2D structures by just copying ice‐morphologies (Figure b).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 95%

“…[1] Ice as a solid-template has many advantages comparedt oc ommon solids such as metals,c eramics and carbons, [2] includinge asy solidification/melting, environmental benignancy,c heapness and encapsulating-capacity. [3] Except for assembly of polymers in ice-channels (Figure 1a), whichg enerally can only produce porousm aterials, [4] ap romising sub-method of ice-templatei s polymerization on ice-surface, which can theoretically create materials/tools/machines with complicated 2D structures [5] by just copying ice-morphologies( Figure 1b). However,t he popularity of this surface-method has been muchi mpeded by the lack of appropriate polymerization reactions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A C−N Coupling Polymerization on Ice‐Surface towards Decimeter‐Sized 2D Covalent Materials with High Catalytic Activity for Water‐Splitting

Cheng

2019

Chemistry A European J

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Compared to other solid templates (metal, ceramic, carbon, etc.), polymerization on ice‐surface has many advantages. However, the popularity of this method has been impeded by the lack of appropriate polymerization reactions. To date, only few oxidation polymerizations have been reported to occur on ice‐surface, and unfortunately they can only produce supramolecular films rather than fully covalent films. Herein for the first time, 2D covalent materials have been created on ice‐surface even at −16 °C through a C−N coupling polymerization, and two free‐standing 2D polyarylamines (2DPA)s were synthesized. Both 2DPAs have decimeter‐size and nanometer thickness. This study provides the first polymerization reaction to synthesize 2D covalent materials on ice‐surface, which can be used to fabricate materials/tools/robots with specific 2D structure by copying ice morphologies. Furthermore, both 2DPAs exhibit higher hydrogen evolution reaction activity than many metal‐free catalysts and even some metal‐based catalysts, so this study also provides further insight for the development of metal‐free catalysts for water‐splitting.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 95%

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confidence: 99%

A C−N Coupling Polymerization on Ice‐Surface towards Decimeter‐Sized 2D Covalent Materials with High Catalytic Activity for Water‐Splitting

Cheng

2019

Chemistry A European J

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“…Freeze-casting is a template-assisted processing technique used to turn a solution or suspension into a 3D porous structure which retains the geometrical shape of a pre-designed mould through freezing [64,65]. When employed effectively, not only the outer design but also the inner morphology, including size and shape of the internal pores can be tuned.…”

Section: Freeze-castingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Freeze-drying is arguably the most effective method to remove crystal templates (particularly when water is used as the solvent), leading to an almost exact replica of them without collapsing the structure. This technique allows the tuning of the final microstructure through changing suspension characteristics and solidification conditions [64]. Despite water being the most common and studied solidifying fluid, freeze-casting can also be performed with other liquids, allowing an even broader control of pore morphology.…”

Section: Freeze-castingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…environmental conditions, liquid phase composition and mould design). Also, as pointed out by Scotti et al in a review compiling almost 900 freeze-casting works [64], many studies present to a certain degree, their own, unique set of parameters, which makes it hard to systematically review the processingstructure-properties relationships.…”

Section: Freeze-castingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MXene-based 3D porous macrostructures for electrochemical energy storage

et al. 2020

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2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have shown outstanding potential as electrode materials for energy storage applications due to a combination of metallic conductivity, wide interlayer spacing, and redox-active, metal oxide-like surfaces capable of exhibiting pseudocapacitive behavior. It is well known that 2D materials have a strong tendency to restack and aggregate, due to their strong van der Waals interactions, reducing their surface availability and inhibiting electrochemical performance. In order to overcome these problems, work has been done to assemble 2D materials into 3D porous macrostructures. Structuring 2D materials in 3D can prevent agglomeration, increase specific surface area and improve ion diffusion, whilst also adding chemical and mechanical stability. Although still in its infancy, a number of papers already show the potential of 3D MXene architectures for energy storage, but the impact of the processing parameters on the microstructure of the materials, and the influence this has on electrochemical properties is still yet to be fully quantified. In some situations the reproducibility of works is hindered by an oversight of parameters which can, directly or indirectly, influence the final architecture and its properties. This review compiles publications from 2011 up to 2020 about the research developments in 3D porous macrostructures using MXenes as building blocks, and assesses their application as battery and supercapacitor electrodes. Recommendations are also made for future works to achieve a better understanding and progress in the field. carbon and/or nitrogen and T x represents surface terminations which vary depending on the synthesis method used (for example, hydroxyl, oxygen, or fluorine) [10].With less than 10 years since their discovery, efforts are still mainly pointed towards the assessment of its potentialities and exploration of its properties, while their integration and application in various engineering fields are still very much in their infancy. Nevertheless, investigations have shown very competitive results in energy storage devices attracting a lot of interest in the field. In particular, the inner conductive metal carbide layers provide fast electron supply to electrochemically active sites, and functional groups on the surface, allow water intercalation and fast redox activity for pseudocapacitive energy storage [11][12][13]. Besides energy storage, MXenes also showed promising properties and have been researched for a variety of other areas, such as electromagnetic shielding, environmental, sensors, optoeletronic devices, and renewable energy [9,[14][15][16].For most practical applications, the MXene powders must be assembled or processed into a macroscopic sample such as, for example, an electrode. Conventionally this is done either by mixing it with a solvent to form a slurry which is painted over a substrate, by directly vacuum filtration, by spin coating, or by spraying the MXene suspension to form a compact film. During these processes, there i...

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Colloidal Processing

Berger

2021

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

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Freeze casting – A review of processing, microstructure and properties via the open data repository, FreezeCasting.net

Cited by 301 publications

References 808 publications

A C−N Coupling Polymerization on Ice‐Surface towards Decimeter‐Sized 2D Covalent Materials with High Catalytic Activity for Water‐Splitting

A C−N Coupling Polymerization on Ice‐Surface towards Decimeter‐Sized 2D Covalent Materials with High Catalytic Activity for Water‐Splitting

MXene-based 3D porous macrostructures for electrochemical energy storage

Colloidal Processing

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