“…In particular, metal mesh-based TEs with a high AR are difficult to manufacture, which limits their wide industrial application. At present, the fabrication methods of metal mesh-based TEs mainly include hybrid processes, such as photolithography and electroplating, [27,28] laser direct etching and electroplating, [29,30] nanoimprinting and scraping, [31][32][33][34] gravure printing, [35][36][37] direct production methods such as laser direct writing [38] and printing techniques. [22,[39][40][41][42][43] The above techniques for fabricating a metal mesh can be classified into mask method, mold method, and printing method.…”