Free Trade Agreements in the World Trade System: Benefits and Models

Tsygankova, Tetiana; Yatsenko, Оlga; Tananaiko, Tetiana; Solodkovska, Ganna; Olefirenko, Viktoria; Ishchenko, Anna

doi:10.55643/fcaptp.6.47.2022.3925

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

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“…Sixth, there is the proliferation of regional trade agreements and the approaching era of mega-regional agreements. The fact that almost half of the world's trade is covered by preferential agreements does not mean that preferential reduction of barriers is extended to similar volumes of trade (Tsygankova et al, 2022). Carpenter and Lendl calculated that only about 17% of world trade is regulated by preferential rules, the remaining 83%: is subject to zero non-discriminatory tariffs or excluded from the scope of preferential agreements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Institutional Provision of Tariff and Non-Tariff Regulation of Cross-Border Trade

Шлапак

Yatsenko

Tananaiko³

2023

ees

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Introduction. The study is devoted to a comprehensive study of the global trade system in conditions of global economic instability, in particular, to the identification and analysis of the determinants of deepening its asymmetries in the regional perspective. The study contains a description of the peculiarities of the modern global trade system and regulatory regime, including tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating cross-border trade and key trends in its development. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to diagnose the institutional provision of tariff and non-tariff regulation of cross-border trade in order to determine the presence or absence of asymmetries in the global trade system in the regional context. Results. The study identifies and systematizes fundamental features of the modern global trade system whose development has been directly or indirectly influenced by regional asymmetries. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the major international economic organizations as the main regulators of the cross-border trade process, and to the study of the impact of the use of tariff and non-tariff import and export regulatory tools on cross-border trade asymmetries. The world trading system is divided by country and individual customs territory, depending on whether it belongs to a certain geographical area or to a group of countries with a certain level of economic development. Conclusions. Although the expansion of global trade has visually slowed down, the integration of world trade is not over, on the contrary, there are clear signs of the beginning of a completely new phase of globalization. The presence of asymmetry in the world trading system in a geographical context, regardless of the size of the region, has been theoretically proven. According to the criterion of the asymmetry of the trading system depending on the level of economic development of the countries, in general, there is a tendency to increase the level of liberalization of trade regimes by the increase in the level of development. At the same time, it has been proven that belonging to the group of least developed countries does not necessarily mean closed access to national markets, and categorization as a developed country does not indicate the application of the least number of non-tariff measures to regulate trade volumes. At the same time, Ukraine remains a country that has undertaken the most liberal obligations regarding providing access to markets for both goods and services. As one of the world's leading exporters of agricultural products in 2020, Ukraine has set the customs tariff level at 11%, the lowest among group members.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Institutional Provision of Tariff and Non-Tariff Regulation of Cross-Border Trade

Шлапак

Yatsenko

Tananaiko³

2023

ees

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Impact of digitalization of international trade on the economic development of countries

Yatsenko,

Tananaiko

2023

UJAET

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Considering the structure, scope, and subject composition, the critical analysis of the impact of digitalization of international trade on the economic development of countries is represented. This is due to the technological infrastructural asymmetry of global trade that has arisen due to the presence of a digital divide between developed countries (86.6% of the population have Internet access) and LDCs (19.1% of the population) because these countries do not have access to the Internet and do not have the opportunity to be fully involved in e-commerce and cross-border trade in digital products. An additional barrier to developing digital commerce, particularly in the African and Asia-Pacific regions, is the need for more legislation on various trade aspects of e-commerce, consumer protection (for 40% of LDCs), and data privacy (for 43% of LDCs). The influence of the war in Ukraine on the e-commerce market is determined. It is outlined that the studied demand has decreased by 12 times in 2022 compared to the pre-war period. The e-commerce market began to recover in 2023 gradually. The market is expected to reach an almost complete renewal in Ukraine by the end of 2023. The main task will be to expand the scope of existing free trade agreements (FTAs) to services, e-commerce, and investment for Ukraine. Corresponding trends will be observed in the world's global economy, too. Given the availability of an updated regulatory framework on these issues, Ukraine should become a significant player in a few international markets for services and trade in digital products. It is assumed that e-commerce will grow after the end of the war in Ukraine. Keywords: global trading system, World Trade Organization (WTO), trading system asymmetries, regional trade agreements, liberalization of international trade, institutionalization of international trade, digitalization of trade, international trade in services, e-commerce.

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Protectionism in Conditions of World Trade Multipolarity

Pugachevska¹,

Medvid²,

Goblyk-Markovych³

et al. 2023

ФКДПТП

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In terms of the formation of the world trade multipolar system, the issues concerning the implementation of a protectionist trade policy appear especially acute and are the primary focus of both theorists and practitioners. This paper primarily aims to explore trade protectionism in the global economy in conditions of multipolarity, to identify the vectors of the war in Ukraine's influence on policy in the sphere of food trade, to determine the origins of the WTO crisis in the system of multilateral regulation of international trade and to assess the prospects of further ensuring free trade doctrines, which is based on combinatorial approach and included the calculation of quantitative indicators of foreign trade restrictiveness and estimation of qualitative parameters of shifts in foreign trade policy. The empirical findings indicate high dynamism of increasing new trade restrictions, in particular export ones, caused at first by the COVID-19 pandemic and later by the war in Ukraine; slow but constant increase in import restrictions, so that at the end of 2022 9% of global import was affected by import restrictions; growth in export restrictive measures on food, feed and fertilizers as a response to food security challenges, caused by the war in Ukraine. The current paper reveals the necessity to take into account import dependence indicators and import capacity of export in formulating vectors of transformation of foreign trade policy towards national production support in the context of economic nationalism ideology. The authors emphasize the importance of the WTO dispute settlement system and the failures in its implementation call into question the possibility of organization functioning in the existing format, particularly as the number and spread of RTAs surged. Prospects for further research in this area are the assessment of macroeconomic effects and threats of the unilateral opening of the Ukrainian economy for imports against the background of the protectionist policy of "main players" of the world economy, determination of the potential of the protectionist policy of selective types of economic activity implementation in the conditions of post-war recovery.

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Free Trade Agreements in the World Trade System: Benefits and Models

Cited by 4 publications

References 8 publications

Institutional Provision of Tariff and Non-Tariff Regulation of Cross-Border Trade

Institutional Provision of Tariff and Non-Tariff Regulation of Cross-Border Trade

Impact of digitalization of international trade on the economic development of countries

Protectionism in Conditions of World Trade Multipolarity

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