Introduction. The study is devoted to a comprehensive study of the global trade system in conditions of global economic instability, in particular, to the identification and analysis of the determinants of deepening its asymmetries in the regional perspective. The study contains a description of the peculiarities of the modern global trade system and regulatory regime, including tariff and non-tariff methods of regulating cross-border trade and key trends in its development. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to diagnose the institutional provision of tariff and non-tariff regulation of cross-border trade in order to determine the presence or absence of asymmetries in the global trade system in the regional context. Results. The study identifies and systematizes fundamental features of the modern global trade system whose development has been directly or indirectly influenced by regional asymmetries. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the major international economic organizations as the main regulators of the cross-border trade process, and to the study of the impact of the use of tariff and non-tariff import and export regulatory tools on cross-border trade asymmetries. The world trading system is divided by country and individual customs territory, depending on whether it belongs to a certain geographical area or to a group of countries with a certain level of economic development. Conclusions. Although the expansion of global trade has visually slowed down, the integration of world trade is not over, on the contrary, there are clear signs of the beginning of a completely new phase of globalization. The presence of asymmetry in the world trading system in a geographical context, regardless of the size of the region, has been theoretically proven. According to the criterion of the asymmetry of the trading system depending on the level of economic development of the countries, in general, there is a tendency to increase the level of liberalization of trade regimes by the increase in the level of development. At the same time, it has been proven that belonging to the group of least developed countries does not necessarily mean closed access to national markets, and categorization as a developed country does not indicate the application of the least number of non-tariff measures to regulate trade volumes. At the same time, Ukraine remains a country that has undertaken the most liberal obligations regarding providing access to markets for both goods and services. As one of the world's leading exporters of agricultural products in 2020, Ukraine has set the customs tariff level at 11%, the lowest among group members.
Digitalization has become a new stage in the development of the world economy in terms of the development, implementation and dissemination of new technologies, and its impact on the development of international trade is decisive, if only because there is already an explosive growth in digital transactions and digital trade on a global scale. The key result of digital transformations for international trade is the creation of new markets, products and business models based on new digital technologies. In the context of digitalization, however, there is a certain difficulty in defining the increasingly blurred boundaries between goods and services. The main manifestations of the digital transformation of international trade are the large-scale development of e-commerce, the intensive development of foreign trade in information and communication services, and the development of digital e-commerce platforms. Digital technologies have transformed economic activity in domestic and international markets. Their widespread use affects all sectors of international trade, however, they have most affected trade in services, which has become at the center of the latest technological revolution. By creating new products, changing the characteristics of traditional products, and reducing trade costs, digital technologies have a serious impact on the determinants of competitive advantage, and these, in turn, on the structure of international trade. This raises the important question of which determinants of competitive advantage will be stronger in the digital age and whether new determinants are likely to emerge. Digitalization has become a new stage in the development of the world economy in terms of the development, implementation and dissemination of new technologies, and its impact on the development of international trade is decisive, if only because there is already an explosive growth in digital transactions and digital trade on a global scale. The key result of digital transformations for international trade is the creation of new markets, products and business models based on new digital technologies. In the context of digitalization, however, there is a certain difficulty in defining the increasingly blurred boundaries between goods and services. The main manifestations of the digital transformation of international trade are the large-scale development of e-commerce, the intensive development of foreign trade in information and communication services, and the development of digital e-commerce platforms. The purpose of the article is to study the characteristic features of digital business models and digital ecosystems, covering existing (realized) and potential (implicit, hidden) relationships that are formed and established through digital innovations, and to conceptualize the relationship between the business environment and the technological environment of organizations. involved in digital transformation Digital technologies have transformed economic activity in domestic and international markets. Their widespread use affects all sectors of international trade, however, they have most affected trade in services, which has become at the center of the latest technological revolution. By creating new products, changing the characteristics of traditional products, and reducing trade costs, digital technologies have a serious impact on the determinants of competitive advantage, and these, in turn, on the structure of international trade. This raises the important question of which determinants of competitive advantage will be stronger in the digital age and whether new determinants are likely to emerge. Although the ecosystem of platforms is usually identified with digital business ecosystems or software ecosystems, in the process of highlighting the specific characteristics of each of the considered ecosystems – the entrepreneurial ecosystem, the innovation ecosystem, the service ecosystem, the product ecosystem, we found out their common and distinctive features. It has been established that with the rapid development of digital technologies, the forms of economic activity are evolving, the volume of information being used is increasing, and new methods of its processing are emerging. The presence of the qualifying word “digital” in “digital ecosystems” opens the possibility to interpret “ecosystem” as an orientation model for the development of self-organizing software systems, software services, and applications that arise spontaneously from an artificial environment. Self-organization of digital ecosystems is expressed in the ability to independently change in the face of changes in internal elements and the external environment. However, a fundamental change in the external environment, expressed, for example, in a deep economic crisis, may adversely affect the ability of the digital ecosystem to self-organize. The scalability of digital ecosystems lies in the ability to function effectively with a growing amount of data in use and digital divisions. An increase in the number of ecosystem elements leads to an increase in the scale of the ecosystem.
Мета статті полягає в аналізі інституційного середовища нової інформаційно-цифрової економіки в умовах техноглобалізму. Розглянуто спосіб, в який «платформізація» впливає не лише на мережеву конфігурацію цифрової економіки, але й сприяє розбудові складно-ієрархічного інституційного середовища нової інформаційно-цифрової економіки, в якому правила перебування на платформах (своєрідна Конституція Платформи) укладається самими операторами, що може не в повній мірі кореспондуватись із позицією/очікуваннями урядів та користувачів. Розглянуто екоструктуру цифрової економіки. За різними ознаками класифіковано цифрові платформи. Розкрито феномен «мультистейкхолдерної власності», яка базується на моделях, в яких один або кілька класів стейкхолдерів мають значні фінансові або управлінські права в результаті спільного володіння частиною компанії або всією
У статті представлено здійснений комперативний аналіз поняття організаційного механізму зарубіжними та вітчизняними вченими в галузі менеджменту, економіки та організаційних досліджень. У статті узагальнено основні теоретичні погляди, моделі та емпіричні висновки з цієї теми на основі системного та комплексного підходу до аналізу широкого кола наукових джерел, включаючи книги, фахові статті, монографії та доповіді на конференціях. У статті висвітлюються спільні та відмінні риси у підходах різних науковців до досліджуваної проблеми, а також визначаються ключові дискусійні аспекти та суперечності навколо визначення, обсягу та функцій організаційного механізму. Підкреслюється важливість наявності добре розробленого та добре впровадженого організаційного механізму для забезпечення економічного успіху та економічної стійкості організації. Загалом, стаття містить комплексний та актуальний аналіз концепції організаційного механізму та є цінним ресурсом для науковців, дослідників, управлінців і практиків, які прагнуть поглибити своє розуміння цієї важливої концепції, а також сприятиме подальшому розвитку досліджень цього поняття в вітчизняному науковому просторі.
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