Free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in patients with seasonal affective disorder and matched controls

Sher, Leo; Rosenthal, Norman E.; Wehr, Thomas A.

doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00049-x

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…SAD can cooccur with other depressive, bipolar, attention deficit, alcoholism, and eating disorders, making it difficult to diagnose [ 43 ]. As people with SAD may also have subtle decreases in thyroid function, their hypothyroidism can mask symptoms of SAD [ 44 ]. Given that SAD is a disorder women often experience and one that is triggered by limited exposure to sunlight, nurses and other health professionals who do shift work may be at particular risk [ 45 ].…”

Section: An Explanation Of Seasonal Affective Disorder (Sad)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Affective Disorder: An Overview of Assessment and Treatment Approaches

Melrose

2015

Depression Research and Treatment

103

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Seasonal affective disorder or SAD is a recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern usually beginning in fall and continuing into winter months. A subsyndromal type of SAD, or S-SAD, is commonly known as “winter blues.” Less often, SAD causes depression in the spring or early summer. Symptoms center on sad mood and low energy. Those most at risk are female, are younger, live far from the equator, and have family histories of depression, bipolar disorder, or SAD. Screening instruments include the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Typical treatment includes antidepressant medications, light therapy, Vitamin D, and counselling. This paper provides an overview of SAD.

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Section: An Explanation Of Seasonal Affective Disorder (Sad)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Affective Disorder: An Overview of Assessment and Treatment Approaches

Melrose

2015

Depression Research and Treatment

103

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“…In a previous study of 2 groups of euthyroid Antarctic expeditioners, we found significant Effectiveness of thyroid supplement and tyrosine in Antarctica positive associations between FT 3 and vigour (p<0.001) and between TT 4 and complex cognitive task response time (p<0.05), and significant inverse associations between FT 4 and fatigue (p<0.05) and depression (p<0.01) (15). Cold-related changes in thyroid hormones may therefore contribute to the increased levels of depressed mood, anger and irritability, sleep disorders and impairment in cognitive performance reported in polar expeditioners in the Antarctic (16), as well as increased rates of seasonal and other psychiatric disorders among residents of circumpolar regions (17,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Psychoneuroendocrine effects of combined thyroxine and triiodothyronine versus tyrosine during prolonged Antarctic residence

Palinkas

Reedy

Smith

et al. 2007

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Objectives. We previously reported that cognitive function improves with thyroxine and that there is a circannual pattern to mood and human TSH during Antarctic residence. To extend these findings, we examined the effects of tyrosine and a combined levothyroxine/ liothyronine supplement in euthyroid men and women who spent the austral summer (n=43) and/or winter (n=42) in Antarctica. Study Design. Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Methods. Subjects were randomized to receive the following each day for 91.6±3.2 days in summer and/or 138.0± 3.2 days in winter: (1) 12g tyrosine mixed in 113g applesauce; (2) 50ug of levothyroxine and 12.5ug of liothyronine (T4-T3 Supplement); or (3) placebo. Cognitive performance and mood were assessed using the Automatic Neuropsychological Assessment Metric -Isolated and Confined Environments. Effectiveness of thyroid supplement and tyrosine in Antarctica Results. With placebo in summer, mood did not change while TSH decreased by 28%; in winter, there was a 136% degradation in mood (p<0.01) and TSH increased by 18%. With combined T4-T3 supplement, there was a 51% degradation in mood in summer compared with placebo (p<0.05) and TSH decreased by 57%; in winter there was a 135% degradation in mood while TSH was reduced by 26% (p<0.05). Tyrosine use in summer was associated with no change in mood and a 30% decline in TSH, while in winter there was a 47% improvement in mood and TSH decreased by 28% along with a 6% increase in fT3 (p<0.05). Conclusions. Administration of tyrosine leads to a significant reduction in serum TSH and improvement in mood in winter compared with placebo, while the combined T4-T3 supplement leads to a worsening of mood in summer and no improvement in winter. There appears to be a seasonal influence on the psychological response to interventions and the relationship to changes in TSH reductions. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2007; 66(5):401-417)

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“…There is substantial evidence that small changes in thyroid function might be biologically meaningful and affect mood and behavior (1±4). We studied blood levels of free thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and matched controls in the winter (3). We found that free T4 blood levels were slightly but significantly lower in patients than in healthy volunteers.…”

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confidence: 97%

Role of thyroid hormones in the effects of selenium on mood, behavior, and cognitive function

Sher¹

2001

Medical Hypotheses

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Free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in patients with seasonal affective disorder and matched controls

Cited by 26 publications

References 25 publications

Seasonal Affective Disorder: An Overview of Assessment and Treatment Approaches

Seasonal Affective Disorder: An Overview of Assessment and Treatment Approaches

Psychoneuroendocrine effects of combined thyroxine and triiodothyronine versus tyrosine during prolonged Antarctic residence

Role of thyroid hormones in the effects of selenium on mood, behavior, and cognitive function

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